Lesson five

Question 1

How does temperature influence animals?

Answer 1

Influences growth of individuals and distribution of species

Question 2

What is macroclimate?

Answer 2

Is determined by patterns of air and water circulation and other forces which interact with the local landscape to produce a microclimate. Macroclimate is defined as typical weather for an are (based on weather for the past few years)

Question 3

What is microclimate?

Answer 3

climatic variation on a scale of a a few Kms, M, or even cm. Which is usually measured over short periods of time. microclimate is influenced by elevation (altitude), vegetation, soil, etc.

Question 4

Where are temperatures usually lower?

Answer 4

Temperatures are generally lower at higher elevation. Atmospheric pressure decreases with elevation. at altitude there is less atmosphere to trap and radiate heat back to the ground. Topographic features create microclimates that would not occur in a flat landscape.

Question 5

What is the coolest aspect in the northern hemisphere?

Answer 5

The north facing sides of mountains and valleys are shaded, coller, and retain moisture longer. In the southern hemisphere the south facing aspects are cooler.

Question 6

what factors can affect ground temperature?

Answer 6

the colour of the ground and then the presence of any snow or vegetation that covers the ground

Question 7

High albedo vs low albedo

Answer 7

High albedo means that the object reflects all visible colours (aka white) and black items absorb all visible colours and have low albedo.

Question 8

can albedos change?

Answer 8

yes, depending on vegetation as well as they are not fixed to the properties of the landscape so they will change as local conditions change resulting in change of temperature

Question 9

which fluctuates more, air temperature or water temperature?

Answer 9

air temperature generally fluctuates more than water

Question 10

What keeps stability in the water?

Answer 10

Specific heat, the high capacity of water to absorb heat energy without changing temp. Latent heat of vaporization, the large amount of heat absorbed by water as it evaporates. latent heat of fusion, the heat energy that water gives up to its environment as it freezes

Question 11

What is riparian vegetation?

Answer 11

the vegetation growing along rivers and streams which influences the temperature in streams by providing shade which insulates the stream environment

Question 12

What are the two limits to thermal stability in aquatic environment temperature?

Answer 12

There will be affects of altered temperatures on the organisms living in the water, often of greater importance in aquatic systems is the effects that changes in temperature have on the amount of dissolved oxygen in water

Question 13

Which holds more dissolved oxygen, cold water or hot?

Answer 13

Cold water hold more dissolved oxygen than warm water. So any increased temp in water not only poses a thermal stress but also induces oxygen limiting conditions. However deep water can also be depleted of oxygen during summer

Question 14

What are zooplankton?

Answer 14

they are a diverse group of invertebrates living in the water column

Question 15

Adapting to one set of environmental conditions generally reduces what?

Answer 15

Reduces fitness in other environments. If any organism can live and thrive in any environment they are said to have high fitness across all environment conditions. However these life forms do not exist.

Question 16

What is the principle of allocation?

Answer 16

All organisms have access to limited energy supplies. Each individual organisms has a finite quantity of resources that it can use for all necessary life. (As a population adapts to a particular set of environmental conditions, its fitness in other environments is reduced)

Question 17

What is law of toleration?

Answer 17

abundance and distribution of an animal can be determined by the deviation between the local conditions and the optimum site of conditions for a species

Question 18

What is range of tolerance?

Answer 18

the entire range of conditions over which a species is able to survive in (good or bad)

Question 19

do plants photosynthetic rates go up or down at lower temperatures?

Answer 19

Plants photosynthesize at a lower rate when the temperature is low

Question 20

What is adaption?

Answer 20

involves a change in the gene pool of the population through differential reproductive successes of individuals

Question 21

What is acclimation?

Answer 21

involves physiological, not genetic, changes in response to temperature, is generally reversable with changes in environment conditions

Question 22

What are psychrophilic microbes?

Answer 22

Cold loving, marine bacteria that lives in the waters around Antarctica

Question 23

What are Thermophilic microbes?

Answer 23

They can live at very high temperatures including hot springs

Question 24

What are Hyperthermophiles microbes?

Answer 24

they are the most heat loving microbes. living in temperature optima above 80 C, some grow best at 110 C

Question 25

How do organisms regulate body temperature?

Answer 25

by manipulating heat gain and loss.

Question 26

What is metabolic heat (Hm)?

Answer 26

energy released within in an organism during cellular respiration. Always adds heat

Question 27

What is conduction (Hdc)?

Answer 27

movement of heat between objects in physical contact. (Hot to cold always)

Question 28

What is convection (Hcv)?

Answer 28

heat flow between a solid body and a moving fluid, such as wind or flowing water. (Hot to cold always)

Question 29

What is radiation (Hr)?

Answer 29

Infrared part of the spectrum. this light is responsible for most of the warmth you feel from a light source

Question 30

What is radioactive heat flux?

Answer 30

from you to the atmosphere is responsible for the chilling effect you feel standing outdoors on a cold windless day

Question 31

What is evaporation (He)?

Answer 31

the loss of heat as water evaporates from a surface, always looses heat

Question 32

what are poikilotherms?

Answer 32

have a body temperature that varies in response to changes in the external environment

Question 33

What are homeotherms?

Answer 33

keep fairly constant internal temperatures

Question 34

what are endotherms?

Answer 34

(includes humans) rely heavily on metabolic heat (Hm) to elevate internal temperature. They are usually homotherms

Question 35

What are ectotherms?

Answer 35

they can control their body temperature through the use of external sources of energy manipulating predominantly (Hcd, Hcv, Hr, and He)

Question 36

Animal burrows and microclimate

Answer 36

animal burrows or setts have their own microclimate

Question 37

what is the regulating thing for body temp?

Answer 37

Hs = Hm+-Hcd+-Hcv+-Hr-He

Question 38

what are the two options arctic and alpines plants have?

Answer 38

1. increase their rate of radiative heat Hr or 2. decrease their rate of convective cooling

Question 39

What is cushion growth form?

Answer 39

they close to the ground to provide shelter from the wind, the compact growth forms of cushion plant reduces the surface area to volume ratio , slowly moving air through the plant

Question 40

what options do plants growing in the heat have?

Answer 40

Decreasing by conduction, increasing rates of convection cooling, reducing rates of radiative heating, Light coloured leaves,

Question 41

how do some animals thermoregulate?

Answer 41

They change their colour, darker in the winter to absorb more heat, and the opposite for summer

Question 42

What is the thermal neutral zone?

Answer 42

The range of temperature over which the metabolic rate of homeothermic animals does not change (the area in which the organism can adjust its self quite easily)

Question 43

what are countercurrent heat exchanges?

Answer 43

They are vascular structures that reduce the rate of heat loss to the surrounding aquatic environment