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Lesson Taxonomy And Bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

Reason of Classification

A
  1. Criteria of microorganisms
  2. Arrange organisms
  3. Evolution of organisms
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2
Q

is the science of classification. It pro- vides an orderly basis for the naming of organisms and for placing organisms into a category, or taxon.

A

Taxonomy

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3
Q

rod-shaped and have a Gram-negative cell wall.

A

E. Coli

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4
Q

causes hemorrhagic inflammation of the colon in humans.

A

E. coli strain 0157:H7

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5
Q

Father of taxonomy

A

Linnaeus

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6
Q

system that is still used today to name all living things. Linnaeus developed the system of ? a two-name identification system for each living organism

A

Binomial nomenclature

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7
Q

first name designates the?

A

Genus (genera)

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8
Q

second name?

A

Specific epithet

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9
Q

Ent, intestinal; amoebae, shape and means of movement; histo, tissue; lytic, lysing, or digesting tissue

A

Entamoeba histolytica

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10
Q

Named after Theodor Escherich in 1888; found in the colon

A

Escherichia coli

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11
Q

Hemo, blood; phil, love; named after Augusto Ducrey in 1889

A

Haemophilus ducreyi

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12
Q

Named after Albert L. Neisser in 1879; causes gonorrhea

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

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13
Q

Saccharo, sugar; myco, mold; cerevisia, beer or ale

A

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

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14
Q

Lacto, milk; kokkus, berry

A

Lactococcus lactis

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15
Q

Named after Kiyoshi Shiga in 1898; European Theater of Operations of the U.S. Army (final e gives proper Latin ending)

A

Shigella etousae

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16
Q

subgroup of a species within one or
more characteristics that distinguish it from other subgroups of the same species.

A

Strain

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17
Q

Bacterial species properties/defining a bacterial species

A

biochemical reactions, chemical composition, cellular structures, genetic characteristics, and immunological features

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18
Q

general patterns of cellular organization

A

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic

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19
Q

prokaryotes, including true bacteria and blue-green algae.

A

Monera

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20
Q

all eukaryotic algae, protozoa, and fungi.

A

Protoctista

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21
Q

all green plants.

A

Plantae

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22
Q

all animals derived from a zygote, a
cell formed by the union of an egg and a sperm.

A

Animalia

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23
Q

are unicellular; they lack true nuclei and generally lack membrane-enclosed organelles.
Reproduction: Binary fission

DNA has little or no protein associated with it

A

Monerans

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24
Q

blue-green algae.
photosynthetic,
typically unicellular organisms, although cells may sometimes be connected to form threadlike filaments.

A

Cyanobacteria

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25
Cell type: Prokaryotic Cell organization: Unicellular Cell wall: Present in most Nutrition: Absorption; photosynthetic and chemosynthetic Reproduction: Asexual; binary fission
Monera
26
Cell type: Eukaryotic Cell organization: Unicellular or occasionally Multi cellular Cell wall: Present in some but absent Nutrition: Ingestion; absorption, some photosynthetic Reproduction: Asexual; but sometimes sexual
Protista
27
Cell type: Eukaryotic Cell organization: Unicellular or Multi cellular Cell wall: Present Nutrition: Absorption Reproduction: Sexual and asexual but somtimes complex life cycle
Fungi
28
Cell type: Eukaryotic Cell organization: Multicellular Cell wall: present Nutrition: absorption photosynthetic Reproduction: sexual and asexual
Plantae
29
Cell type: Eukaryotic Cell organization: multicellular Cell wall: absent Nutrition: ingestion some parasites absorption Reproduction: Asexual
Animalia
30
surviving today are primitive prokaryotes adapted to extreme environments.
Archaea
31
surviving today are primitive prokaryotes adapted to extreme environments.
Archaea
32
eukaryotic. Most are unicellular,but some are organized into colonies - membrane-enclosed nucleus and organelles within their cytoplasm
Protist
33
includes mostly multi- cellular and some unicellular organisms. obtain nutrients solely by absorption of organic matter from dead organisms.
Fungi
34
live on land and contain chlorophyll in organelles called chloroplasts. are of interest to microbiologists because some contain medicinal substances such as quinine, which has been used to treat microbial infections.
Plantae
35
derived from zygotes (a cell formed by the union of two ga- metes, such as an egg and a sperm).
Animalia
36
are fossilized photosynthetic prokaryotes that appear as masses of cells or microbial mats. Commonly found associated with lagoons or hot springs, they are still forming today. Because they are fossilized prokaryotes, they do not provide any evidence for phylogenetic, or evolu- tionary, relationships but can be used to determine the period during which they arose.
Stromatolites
37
exhibit many differences from the Bacteria. One of the first variations to be noted was that of cell wall structure, and thus far a significant number of variations have been observed
Archaea
38
are strictly anaerobic organisms, having been isolated from such divergent anaerobic environments as waterlogged soils, lake sediments, marshes, marine sediments, and the gastrointestinal tracts of animals, including humans. As members of the anaerobic food chain, they degrade organic molecules to methane.
Methanogens
39
in highly saline environments such as the Great Salt Lake, the Dead Sea, salt evaporation ponds, and the surfaces of salt-preserved foods. are generally obligate aerobes.
Extreme halophiles
40
occupy unique niches where bacteria are very rarely found, such as hot springs, geothermally heated marine sediments, and sub- marine hydrothermal vents. With optimum temperatures usually in excess of 80C, they may be either obligate aerobes, facultative aerobes, or obligate anaerobes.
Extreme thermoacidophiles
41
Cell type: prokaryotic Typical size: 0.5 - 4 um Cell wall: present; peptidoglycan Lipids in membranes: fatty acids linked by ester bonds Protein synthesis: First amino acid= methionine; impaired by antibiotics such as chloramphenicol Genetic material: Small circular chromosome and plasmids; histones absent RNA polymerase: simple Locomotion: Simple flagella, gliding, gas vesicles Habitat: wide range of environments Typical organisms: Enteric bacteria, cyanobacteria
Bacteria
42
Cell type: prokaryotic Typical size: 0.5 - 4 um Cell wall: present; lack peptidoglycan Lipids in membranes: Isoprenes present, linked by ester bonds Protein synthesis: First amino acid= formylmethionine Genetic material: Small circular chromosome and plasmids; histonelike proteins present RNA polymerase: complex Locomotion: Simple flagella, gliding, gas vesicles Habitat: usually on extreme environments Typical organisms: Methane-producing bacteria, halobacteria, extreme thermophiles
Archaea
43
Cell type: Eukaryotic Typical size: > 5um Cell wall: Absent or made of other materials Lipids in membranes: Fatty acids present, linked by ester bonds Protein synthesis: First amino acid = methionine Genetic material: Complex nucleus with more than one large, linear chromosome, histones present RNA polymerase: complex Locomotion: Complex flagella, cilia, legs, fins, wings Habitat: wide range of environments Typical organisms: Algae, protozoa, fungi, plants, and animals
Eukarya
44
diagram that better rep-resents our current understanding of the early evolution of life
Shrub of life
45
consists of a series of paired statements presented as either-or choices that describe characteristics of organisms. By selecting appropriate statements to progress through the key, one can classify organisms and, if the key is sufficiently detailed, identify them by genus and species.
dichotomous key
46
as an important tool in identifying bacteria.
Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Biology
47
The kingdoms of the five-kingdom system are ?
Monera (Prokaryotae), Protista, Fungi, Plantae, andAnimalia.
48
are photosynthetic monerans of great ecological importance.
Cyanobacteria
49
are unicellular prokaryotes: They generally lack organelles, have no true nuclei, and their DNA has little or no protein associated with it.
Monera
50
are a diverse group of mostly unicellular eukaryotes.
Protista
51
include some unicellular and many multicellular organisms that obtain nutrients solely by absorption.
Fungi
52
live on land and contain chlorophyll in organelles called chloroplasts.
Plantae
53
are derived form zygotes ; most are macroscopic
Animalia
54
are higher than the category of kingdom
Domain
55
The concept of a Universal Common Ancestor with a linear tree of life has now been replaced by a ? with many roots, due to lateral gene transfer
shrub of life
56
are unicellular prokaryotes and include the eubacteria
Bacteria
57
are unicellular prokaryotes, having a cell wall made of materials other than peptidoglycan.
Archaea
58
All are ? cells, having a true nucleus.
eukaryotic/eukaryotes
59
acellular infectious agents that share only a few characteristics with living organisms, are not included in any of the five kingdoms. ? are classified by their nucleic acids, chemical composition, and morphology
Viruses
60
organisms are compared on the basis of a large number of characteristics and grouped according to the percentage of shared characteristics.
numerical taxonomy
61
is the similarity of DNA among different organisms, which provides a measure of their relatedness
Genetic homology
62
Basesequences can be identified by
DNA Probes
63
many species a particular strain is designated as the ? , which is preserved in a type culture collection.
type strain

Bio 120 (2 decks)

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