LESSON1 Flashcards
(96 cards)
1
Q
What is microbiology?
A
Study of microscopic organisms (microorganisms) and their activities
Includes classification, distribution, reproduction, physiology, and effects on humans and environment.
2
Q
What are microorganisms?
A
Organisms that are too small to be seen by the unaided eye and require a microscope
Examples include bacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoa, helminths, and prions.
3
Q
Who invented the first compound microscope?
A
Zacharias Janssen
4
Q
How small is a microorganism?
A
< 0.1 mm
5
Q
Convert 1 micrometer to meters
A
0.000001 or 10^-6 m
6
Q
List the types of microorganisms.
A
- Prokaryotes
- Eukaryotes
- Acellular
7
Q
What are the two main classifications of microbiology?
A
- Pure microbiology
- Applied microbiology
8
Q
What does pure microbiology include?
A
- Bacteriology
- Mycology
- Protozoology
- Virology
- Phycology/algology
- Microbial genetics
- Prion biology
- Nematology
9
Q
What does applied microbiology include?
A
- Medical microbiology
- Environmental microbiology
- Industrial microbiology
- Food microbiology
- Agricultural microbiology
- Pharmaceutical microbiology
10
Q
What is medical microbiology?
A
Study of pathogenic microbes and their role in human illness
11
Q
What are examples of infectious disease-causing microorganisms?
A
- Bacteria
- Fungi
- Viruses
- Protozoa
- Helminths
- Prions
12
Q
What is the main role of clinical microbiologists?
A
To isolate, identify, and analyze microorganisms that cause disease in humans
13
Q
What is an example of a bacterium that causes a disease?
A
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
14
Q
What are protozoa?
A
Eukaryotic unicellular organisms belonging to the kingdom Protista
15
Q
What is an example of a protozoan disease?
A
Amoebiasis caused by Entamoeba histolytica
16
Q
What are helminths?
A
Eukaryotic multicellular organisms belonging to the kingdom Animalia
17
Q
What is an example of a helminthic disease?
A
Ascariasis caused by Ascaris lumbricoides
18
Q
What are fungi?
A
Eukaryotic organisms that can be unicellular (yeast) or multicellular (mold)
19
Q
What is an example of a fungal pathogen?
A
Candida albicans
20
Q
How are viruses classified?
A
Based on their nucleic acid content: DNA virus or RNA virus
21
Q
What is an example of a DNA virus?
A
Hepatitis B virus (HBV)
22
Q
What theory did Aristotle propose regarding life?
A
Theory of Spontaneous Generation or Abiogenesis
23
Q
What did Jainism postulate about microorganisms?
A
Existence of unseen microbiological life based on Mahavira’s teachings
24
Q
What did Marcus Terentius Varro warn against?
A
Locating a home near swamps due to unseen minute creatures causing diseases
25
What did Ibn Sina contribute to microbiology?
Knowledge about microorganisms in his book The Canon of Medicine
26
What did Girolamo Fracastoro propose?
Epidemic diseases were caused by transferable seed-like entities
27
What discovery is Robert Hooke known for?
Life’s smallest units were little 'boxes' – cells
28
Who is considered the Father of Microbiology?
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
29
What experiment did Francesco Redi conduct?
Jars with decaying meat to disprove spontaneous generation
30
What was John Needham's belief?
Believed in spontaneous generation from fluids
31
What did Lazzaro Spallanzani demonstrate?
Microbes can be killed through boiling
32
What did Ignaz Semmelweis discover?
Hand disinfection reduces incidence of puerperal fever
33
What time period is known as the Golden Age of Microbiology?
From 1857 to 1914
34
What practice did Semmelweis propose in 1847 for obstetrical clinics?
Washing hands with chlorinated lime solutions
## Footnote
This practice was largely ignored at the time.
35
What period is known as the Golden Age of Microbiology?
From 1857 to 1914
## Footnote
This era saw the rise of the first microbiologists.
36
Who is considered the Father of Immunology?
Edward Jenner
## Footnote
He was a pioneer of the smallpox vaccine.
37
What term is derived from Variolae vaccinae?
Vaccine
## Footnote
This term denotes cowpox, which Jenner used in his vaccination work.
38
What did Edward Jenner's work help to lay the foundation for?
Louis Pasteur's work with other vaccinations
## Footnote
Jenner's discovery was crucial in the development of immunology.
39
Who is known as the Father of Modern Pathology?
Rudolf Virchow
## Footnote
He refuted the Theory of Spontaneous Generation with the Theory of Biogenesis.
40
What are the three principles of the Cell Theory?
* All living organisms are composed of one or more cells
* The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization in organisms
* Cells arise from pre-existing cells
## Footnote
Exceptions include viruses and prions.
41
Who devised a swan-neck flask to disprove spontaneous generation?
Louis Pasteur
## Footnote
His experiments demonstrated that microorganisms in the air were responsible for contamination.
42
What is fermentation?
A metabolic process that converts sugar to acid, gas, or alcohol in the absence of O2
## Footnote
Pasteur proved that yeast converts sugar to alcohol without air.
43
What is pasteurization?
A process that kills microbes in food and drink by applying heat
## Footnote
It typically involves heating liquids between 60°C and 100°C.
44
What does the Germ Theory of Disease state?
Microorganisms can cause diseases
## Footnote
This theory was proposed by Girolamo Fracastoro in 1546 but not widely accepted until Pasteur's experiments.
45
What significant vaccines did Louis Pasteur develop?
* Rabies
* Anthrax
* Chicken cholera
* Swine erysipelas
## Footnote
Pasteur introduced the terms aerobic and anaerobic in his studies.
46
Who is considered the pioneer of antiseptic surgery?
Joseph Lister
## Footnote
He applied germ theory to medical procedures, using carbolic acid as an antiseptic.
47
What did Robert Koch prove?
That bacteria cause disease
## Footnote
He identified the causative agents of diseases like tuberculosis and cholera.
48
What are Koch's Postulates?
A set of criteria used to establish a causative relationship between a microbe and a disease
## Footnote
They include: Associate, Isolate, Inoculate, Re-isolate.
49
What is an exemption to Koch's Postulates regarding carriers?
Many healthy people carry pathogens but do not exhibit symptoms of the disease
## Footnote
Examples include gonorrhea and typhoid fever.
50
Which microbes are difficult or impossible to grow in vitro?
* Viruses
* Rickettsia spp.
* Chlamydia spp.
* Mycobacterium leprae
* Treponema pallidum
## Footnote
These pathogens often require living cells for culture.
51
What is a key consideration when inducing disease in experimental animals?
The animal must be susceptible to the pathogen
## Footnote
Ethical considerations limit the use of human volunteers in research.
52
What are opportunistic pathogens?
Pathogens that cause disease only when a host's immune system is weakened
## Footnote
Examples include certain pneumonias following influenza.
53
Who contributed to the founding of bacteriology by classifying bacteria into four groups?
Ferdinand Cohn
## Footnote
He based his classification on bacterial shape.
54
What is the significance of recovering from another disease?
Certain pneumonias and ear infections may follow influenza
## Footnote
Recovery from one disease can lead to susceptibility to others.
55
Who is Ferdinand Cohn and what is his contribution to microbiology?
German biologist known for founding bacteriology and classifying bacteria into four groups based on shape
## Footnote
The groups are spherical, short rods, threads, and spirals.
56
What is Tyndallization?
A method to eradicate bacterial spores, historically effective for destroying them
## Footnote
Developed by John Tyndall.
57
What did Julius Richard Petri invent?
The Petri dish in 1888
## Footnote
He worked as an assistant to Robert Koch.
58
What is the Gram stain and who developed it?
A method that makes bacteria more visible under a microscope, developed by Hans Christian Gram
## Footnote
It plays a major role in classifying bacteria as gram positive or gram negative.
59
Who discovered viruses and what was the first evidence?
Dmitri Ivanovsky discovered viruses; first evidence came from experiments with bacterial filters
## Footnote
He showed that sap from diseased tobacco plants remained infectious despite filtration.
60
What did Martinus Beijerinck contribute to virology?
Independently replicated Ivanovsky's experiments and named the infectious agent 'virus'
## Footnote
He acknowledged Ivanovsky's priority in discovery.
61
What is arsphenamine and its significance?
The first effective medicinal treatment for syphilis, discovered by Paul Ehrlich
## Footnote
He initiated and named the concept of chemotherapy.
62
What major discovery is associated with Alexander Fleming?
The discovery of penicillin and lysozyme
## Footnote
Penicillin was discovered in 1928 and lysozyme in 1923.
63
What did Frederick Griffith discover in 1928?
Traits of the 'smooth' form of Pneumococcus could be transferred to the 'rough' form
## Footnote
This was a key experiment in molecular biology.
64
What did Avery, Macleod, and McCarthy identify in 1943?
DNA as the transforming principle
## Footnote
This discovery was crucial in understanding genetic material.
65
What is the role of Bergey's Manual of Systematics Bacteriology?
A key reference for bacterial taxonomy and identifying prokaryotic organisms
## Footnote
First published in 1923 by David Hendricks Bergey.
66
Define systematics in microbiology.
The scientific study of the kinds and diversity of microorganisms and their relationships
## Footnote
Taxonomy is a tool within systematics.
67
What are the three interrelated categories of systematics?
Classification/taxonomy, nomenclature, identification
## Footnote
These categories help in the systematic study of organisms.
68
What is the proper format for a scientific name?
Genus name is capitalized, species epithet is lowercase, italicized in print
## Footnote
Example: Escherichia coli.
69
What is the mortality rate of smallpox?
40%
## Footnote
Smallpox was eradicated by vaccination in 1979.
70
What is Yersinia pestis known for?
Etiologic agent of bubonic plague
## Footnote
It is transmitted by the oriental rat flea.
71
What was the impact of the Black Death?
Killed a third of the human population between 1347-1351
## Footnote
One of the deadliest pandemics in history.
72
What are the general taxa in bacterial classification?
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
## Footnote
These categories help in organizing bacterial species.
73
What is the family name for Clostridium tetani?
Clostridiaceae
74
What is the scientific name for the bacterium that causes diphtheria?
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
75
What is the scientific name for Escherichia coli?
Escherichia coli
76
What is the family name for Mycobacterium tuberculosis?
Mycobacteriaceae
77
What is the scientific name for the bacterium that causes gonorrhea?
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
78
What is the scientific name for Streptococcus pyogenes?
Streptococcus pyogenes
79
What does nomenclature provide for organisms?
Naming assignments
80
How can the genus name be referred to as a whole?
By using 'species' or abbreviating to 'sp.' or 'spp.'
81
When bacteria are referred to as a group, how are their names formatted?
Neither capitalized nor underlined (e.g., staphylococci, streptococci)
82
What is genotype?
The genetic makeup of an organism
83
What does base sequencing of DNA or RNA measure?
Degree of relatedness of two organisms
84
What is the GC ratio?
DNA base composition ratio
85
What is phenotype?
Observable physical and functional features of an organism
86
What are some macroscopic characteristics used in phenotypic classification?
Colony morphology on media
87
What does staining characteristics refer to?
Ability of the organism to take up a particular color with specific dyes
88
List some phenotypic criteria for classification.
* Macroscopic morphology
* Microscopic morphology
* Staining characteristics
* Environmental requirements
* Nutritional requirements
* Physiologic and biochemical characteristics
* Antibiotic resistance
89
What are some examples of phenotypic characteristics?
Size, shape, arrangement of cells, colonial characteristics
90
What is the significance of biochemical properties in bacterial classification?
Testing for metabolic characteristics
91
What are the three domains of life according to recent taxonomic classification?
* Domain Archaea
* Domain Bacteria
* Domain Eukarya
92
What distinguishes Domain Archaea from Domain Bacteria?
Archaeal cell walls lack peptidoglycans
93
What are extremophiles?
Organisms that survive under stressful or extreme conditions
94
What types of extremophiles are there?
* Halophiles (salt-loving)
* Thermophiles (heat-loving)
* Cryophiles (cold-loving)
* Anaerobic methanogens
95
What is a key characteristic of Domain Eukarya?
More complex interior organization than prokaryotic cells
96
What types of organisms are included in Domain Eukarya?
* Protozoa
* Algae
* Fungi
* Plants
* Animals
