Lesson3

Question 1

overall strength of binding.

Answer 1

Avidity

Question 2

the strength of the binding between a single Ab and an epitope of an
antigen.

Answer 2

Affinity

Question 3

When the Antigen-Antibody combines

Answer 3

Ag-Ab complex or immune complex is produced.

Question 4

Red cell antigens are located

Answer 4

on the red cells.

Question 5

Red cell antibodies

Answer 5

molecules in the plasma or serum.

Question 6

ISBT’s stands for

Answer 6

The International Society of Blood Transfusion’s

Question 7

Working Party on Red Cell Immunogenetics and Blood Group Terminology assigns the blood group systems.

Answer 7

The International Society of Blood Transfusion’s (ISBT’s)

Question 8

React at body temp (37C)

Answer 8

IgG

Question 9

can cause immune destruction of transfused red cells.

Answer 9

IgG

Question 10

reacts best at RT (20C to 22C) or lower (4C)

Answer 10

IgM

Question 11

The most significant immunoglobulins in transfusion medicine are

Answer 11

IgG and IgM.

Question 12

it is performed on the patient before transfusion to detect the presence of unexpected antibodies.

Answer 12

Antibody screening test

Question 13

Abs of the non-ABO blood group system that are considered clinically significant

Answer 13

Duffy, Kell, Kidd, MNS, P, and certain Rh types

Question 14

needed for activation of the classical pathway.

Answer 14

Ca 2+ and Mg 2+

Question 15

an activation of complement that is initiated by antigen-antibody complexes

Answer 15

Classical pathway

Question 16

an antibody to an antigen that an individual lacks

Answer 16

Alloantibodies

Question 17

(an antibody to an antigen a person has).

Answer 17

Autoantibodies

Question 18

complement split products (C3a, C4a, and C5a) that mediate degranulation of mast cells and basophils, which results in smooth muscle contraction and increased vascular permeability.

Answer 18

Anaphylatoxins

Question 19

products such as histamines released by basophils, mast cells, and platelets that act on the endothelium and smooth muscle of the local vasculature.

Answer 19

Vasoactive amines

Question 20

movement of cells in the direction of the antigenic stimulus.

Answer 20

Chemotactic

Question 21

substance (antibody or complement protein) that binds to an antigen and enhances phagocytosis.

Answer 21

Opsonin

Question 22

cells that engulf microorganisms, other cells, and foreign particles; include neutrophils, macrophages, and monocytes.

Answer 22

Phagocytic cells

Question 23

molecules on the cell surface that have a high affinity for a particular molecule such as antibody, hormone, or drug

Answer 23

Receptors

Question 24

cells that engulf microorganisms, other cells, and foreign particles; include neutrophils, macrophages, and monocytes

Answer 24

Phagocytic cells

Question 25

molecules on the cell surface that have a high affinity for a particular molecule such as antibody, hormone, or drug.

Answer 25

Receptors

Question 26

This system acts as a filter to remove microbes and old cells.

Answer 26

Mononuclear phagocyte system

Question 27

secondary lymphoid organs

Answer 27

spleen, lymph nodes, liver, and lungs.

Question 28

positive reaction is indicated by.

Answer 28

agglutination

Question 29

negative reaction is indicated by

Answer 29

no agglutination.

Question 30

Factors affecting the hemagglutination reaction:

Answer 30

Sensitization Lattice Formation

Question 31

ratio of antigen on the red cell to antibody in the serum.

Answer 31

SERUM-TO-CELL RATIO

Question 32

an excess of unbound immunoglobulins

Answer 32

Prozone effect

Question 33

surplus of Antigen

Answer 33

Postzone effect

Question 34

Optimal pH for hemagglutination is ranged from

Answer 34

6.5-7.5

Question 35

Design to determine if RBCs are coated with antibody or complement or both.

Answer 35

Direct AHG

Question 36

Same AHG reagents with direct AHG but with prior incubation step with plasma (serum).

Answer 36

Indirect AHG

Question 37

can determine if RBCs have been sensitized with IgG Ab or complement or both.

Answer 37

Polyspecific AHG

Question 38

react only with RBCs sensitized with IgG or complement

Answer 38

Monospecific AHG

Question 39

In immunohematology, antigen– antibody reactions are measured.

Answer 39

qualitatively

Question 40

Also referred to as the Coombs’ test.

Answer 40

ANTI-HUMAN GLOBULIN AND ENHANCERS

Question 41

 A technique for detecting cell-bound  immunoglobulin (Sensitizing Ab)  It is used to detect incomplete antibodies (IgG)  that can sensitize the RBC membrane.  Obtained from immunized nonhuman species bind to human globulins (IgG or complement).  An essential testing methodology in transfusion medicine.

Answer 41

ANTI-HUMAN GLOBULIN AND ENHANCERS

Question 42

capable of agglutinating cells in physiological saline.

Answer 42

Complete antibody

Question 43

bind to erythrocytes or bacteria but does not produce agglutination.

Answer 43

Incomplete antibody

Question 44

POLYSPECIFIC AHG REAGENTS referred to as

Answer 44

Broad Spectrum Coombs Reagent.

Question 45

An indicator of Ag-Ab reactions A pinkish-reddish supernatant is observed after centrifuge.

Answer 45

Hemolysis

Question 46

Hemolyzed samples are not acceptable for

Answer 46

serologic testing,

Question 47

binding of antibody or complement components to a red cell.

Answer 47

Sensitization

Question 48

combination of antibody and a multivalent antigen to form cross-links and result in visible agglutination

Answer 48

Lattice Formation

Question 49

1945, they described the use of the antiglobulin test for the detection of weak and non-agglutinating Rh antibodies. - in 1946, they described the use of AHG to detect vivo sensitization of RBCs. (Later called Direct Antiglobulin Test (DAT) of babies suffering from HDN.

Answer 49

Coombs and Associates

Question 50

in 1947, demonstrated that the Ab activity that detected Rh Abs was associated with anti-gamma globulin fraction in the reagent.

Answer 50

Coombs and Mourant

Question 51

Early AHG reagents were prepared using a crude globulin fraction as

Answer 51

the immunogen.

Question 52

in 1951- presented the first indication that there might be another antibody activity present that influenced the final reaction.

Answer 52

Dacie

Question 53

Contains only one Ab specificity  reagents prepared by separating the specificities of the polyspecific AHG reagents into individual sources of anti-IgG and anti-C3d/anti-C3b.  Preparation: uses Lab Mice

Answer 53

MONOSPECIFIC AHG REAGENTS

Question 54

 Is the product of the fusion of the mouse plasma cell and the malignant myeloma cell.

Answer 54

Hybridoma cells( aka immortalized Ab forming cell)