Lessons 1-5

Question 1

logic

Answer 1

is the science and art of reasoning well

Question 2

3 Laws of Thought

Answer 2

Law of Excluded Middle
The Law of Identity
Law of Noncontradiction

Question 3

Law of Excluded Middle

Answer 3

Any statement is either true or false

Question 4

Law of Identity

Answer 4

If a statement is true, then it is true

Question 5

Law of Noncontradiction

Answer 5

A statement cannot be both true and false

Question 6

reasoning

Answer 6

drawing proper conclusions from information we already have

Question 7

formal logic

Answer 7

deals with the proper modes of reasoning

Question 8

informal logic

Answer 8

deals with operations of thinking that are indirectly related to reasoning

Question 9

induction

Answer 9

reasoning with probability from examples or experience to general rules

Question 10

deduction

Answer 10

reasoning with certainty from premises to conclusions

Question 11

term

Answer 11

a concept with a precise meaning expressed by one or more words

Question 12

definition

Answer 12

a statement that gives the meaning of a term

Question 13

6 purposes of definitions

Answer 13

1. show relationships
2. remove ambiguity
3. reduce vagueness
4. increase vocabulary
5. explain concepts theoretically
6. influence attitudes

Question 14

5 types of definitions

Answer 14

1. lexical def.
2. précising def
3. stipulative def
4. persuasive def
5. theoretical def

Question 15

lexical definition

Answer 15

a single, established meaning of a term(dictionary)

Question 16

précising definition

Answer 16

they apply only in the situation they are being used

ie small…by small I mean five dollars

Question 17

stipulative definition

Answer 17

a definition to a new word, a word being used a new way

Question 18

theoretical definition

Answer 18

definition given to a term, not because the word itself is unfamiliar, but because the term is not understood…h2o…water

Question 19

persuasive definition

Answer 19

definition that aims to persuade the listener one way or another toward the term being defined

Question 20

ambiguous

Answer 20

having more than one meaning

Question 21

vague

Answer 21

one whose extent is unclear

Question 22

genus

Answer 22

a term that is more general, broad, or abstract than the original term and includes it
ie: dime: a coin worth ten cents
coin is the genus

Question 23

species

Answer 23

a term that is more specific, narrow or concrete than the original term and is included by it.
ie: dime: a coin worth ten cents
dime is the species

Question 24

species must always be mutually exclusive, usually they are not exhaustive

Answer 24

species must always by mutually exclusive, usually they are not exhaustive

Question 25

basic errors when drawing genus/species charts

Answer 25

overlapping species ambiguous terms confusing genus/species with part/whole

Question 26

extension

Answer 26

the sum of all the things described by the term. sum of all the individual objects to which a term applies

Question 27

intension

Answer 27

the sum of all the common attributes of the term

Question 28

extension and intension are inversely related

Answer 28

extension and intension are inversely related

Question 29

increasing intension

Answer 29

becoming more specific

Question 30

increasing extension

Answer 30

becoming more general, broader, more abstract

Question 31

3 methods of defining

Answer 31

1. by synonym 2. by example 3. by genus and difference

Question 32

defining by synonym

Answer 32

explaining a word by using a word you know, use a simple word, easily understood

Question 33

defining by example

Answer 33

to give a demonstration list species of a term usually includes some differing terms, to provide a complete definition

Question 34

defining by genus and difference

Answer 34

a term is defined by naming its genus, and then adding descriptive words that distinguish that term from every other species under that genus

Question 35

6 rules for defining by genus and difference

Answer 35

1. A definition should state the essential attributes of a term 2. A definition should not be circular 3. A definition should not be too broad or narrow 4. A definition should not be unclear or figurative 5. A definition should be stated positively 6. A definition should be the same part of speech as the term