LESSONS Flashcards
1
Q
developed in mid 1800s as result of various discoveries about cells
A
Cell theory
1
Q
One of the basic principles of Biology
A
Cell Theory
2
Q
3 FUNDAMENTAL POSTULATES OF CELL THEORY
A
- Cell is the smallest and basic unit of life
- All organisms are composed of one or more cells
- Cells come from pre-existing cells
3
Q
Made of at least one cell containing highly complex structures organized chemical process
A
Cell
4
Q
generate offspring with new combinations of Parent DNA
A
Reproduction
5
Q
Basic because sperm + egg cell = fertilization
A
Cell is the smallest and basic unit of life
6
Q
Optical instrument consisting of lens for making enlarge images of minute objects
A
Microscope
7
Q
invented compound microscope with 3x to 9x Magnification
A
Hans Lippershey and Zaccharias Janssen
8
Q
Invented OCCHIOLINO with 30x magnification
A
Galileo Galilei
9
Q
invented COMPOUND LIGHT MICROSCOPE with 50X magnification
A
Robert Hooke
10
Q
invented SIMPLE MICROSCOPE with 70X - 250X Magnification
A
Antonie Vans Leeuwenhoek
11
Q
designed & invented TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPE (TEM) with 100X - 1,000,000X Magnification
A
Ernst Ruska & Max Knoll
12
Q
invented PHASE CONTRUST MICROSCOPE with 4, 10, 20, and 40X magnification
A
Frits Zernike
13
Q
What are the 4 objective lenses, their color, magnification, and order
A
Scanning Power Obj- 4X red 1st
Low Power Obj- 10X Yellow 2nd
High Power Obj- 40X Blue 3rd
Oil Immersion Obj- 100X Black 4th
14
Q
One cell
A
Unicellular
15
Q
many or multiple cells
Humans have trillions of cells
A
Multicellular
16
Q
Scientists who formulated Cell theory
A
Robert Hooke
Marcello Malpighi & Nehemiah Grew
Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek
Robert Brown
Matthias Schleiden
Theodor Schwann
Albrecht Von Roelliker
Louis Pasteur
Rudolf Virchow
17
Q
used microscope to examine thin slices of cork
A
Robert Hooke
18
Q
He coined the name CELL
A
Robert Hooke
19
Q
placed cork under microscope and saw a bookshelf-like cell
A
Robert Hooke
20
Q
conducted investigation on plant cell and determined the ORGANELLES within its cell
A
Marcello Malpighi and Nehemiah Grew
21
Q
father of Microbiology, Parasitology, & Bacteriology
A
Antonie Vans Leeuwenhoek
22
Q
observed pond water and discovered single-celled organisms which he called ANIMALCULES (tiny animals)
A
Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek
23
Q
compared diverse kinds of PLANT SPECIMENS under microscope
A
Robert Brown
24
Coined the word NUCLEUS
Robert brown
25
made series of discoveries about organelles
Robert brown
26
said that "All PLANTS are composed of cells"
Matthias Schleiden
27
"All ANIMALS are composed of cells"
Theodor Schwann
28
"SPERM & EGG CELLS are composed of cells"
Albrecht Von Roelliker
29
disproved the idea of Spontaneous Generation
Louis Pasteur
30
modified the cell theory and stated "Omnis cellula e cellula" (-LATIN; cells come from pre-existing cells)
Rudolf Virchow
31
nonliving becomes living
ex: candy --> ant
water --> fish
Theory of Spontaneous Generation/ Abiogenesis
32
proposed the Theory of Spontaneous Generation/ Abiogenesis
- idea lasted almost 2000 years
Aristotle
33
people based their beliefs on what they saw
-untested observation
Spontaneous Generation/ Abiogenesis
34
- supporter of the theory.
- wheat grains and sweaty shirt + 21 Days = MICE
Jan Baptista Van Helmont
35
-first to challenge the idea
- did not believe that rotting meat will turn into flies
Franscesco Redi
36
Jar + meat = Flies/ maggots
Francesco Redi
37
- argued that redi did not fully disproved the theory
- flask + broth = microorganisms
John Needham
38
- reviewed Needham's work and discovered many errors
- flask + broth = microorganisms
Lazzaro Spallanzani
39
- improved spallanzani's work
- Swan-neck flask
- disproves the theory
Louis Pasteur
40
- used swan-neck flask
- heated the neck using heat and left the entrance open.
Theodor Schwann
41
used flask and sterile cotton as plug
George Friedrich Schroder and Theodore Van Dusch
42
used to study living things
Microscope
43
- means 'very small'
- means 'to look at'
- Micro
- Scope
44
used to carry microscope
arm
45
bottom part and often shaped like a horse hole
Base
46
where you place the specimen
Stage
47
holds down the slide on stage
stage clip
48
lens you look through that magnifies specimen
Eyepiece or Ocular lens
49
hollow tube through which light passes that holds lenses apart
Body tube
50
raises & lowers body to focus
Course Adjustment Knob
51
raises & lowers body to bring objects to focus
Fine Adjustment knob
52
holds the objective lenses apart
nosepiece
53
changes the amount of light
diaphragm
54
sends light towards the hole on stage
Light source
55
collects and focuses light on specimen
Condenser
56
controls amount of light reaching specimen
Iris diaphragm
57
3 major parts of the cell
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cell or Plasma Membrane
58
outmost part and acts as SKIN OR GATE
CONTROLS ENTRY & EXIT
Cell Membrane
59
composed of Phospholipid and Proteins
Cell membrane
60
working area
All organelles are located
most activities of cell takes place
Cytoplasm
61
3 Components of cytoplasm
Organelles- little organs
Cytosol- gel-like/ fluid
Inclusions- e.g. glycogen
62
- most visible part of eukaryotic cell
- control center
- contains genetic DNA materials
Nucleus
63
Discovered by ROBERT BROWN (1833)
Nucleus
64
Major parts & components of Nucleus
Nucleus Membrane
Nuclear Pores
Nucleoplasm
Nucleolus/ Nucleoli
Genetic Materials
65
has outer and inner membrane
skin around nucleus
Nuclear Membrane/ Envelope
66
Opening; allows molecules to enter and exit
(selectively permeable)
Nuclear Pores
67
suspension substance for organelles
Nucleoplasm
68
Responsible for Ribosomes production
Nucleolus (S) / Nucleoli (P)
69
Varies in forms and structure
- chromosome, chromatid, chromatin
Genetic Material
70
how many chromosomes does humans have
46
71
Cell organelles contains 2:
Membrane-bound organelles
Non-membrane bound organelles
72
surrounded by single or double lipid bilayer membrane
Membrane-bound organelles
73
not filled with fluid
not enclosed by a membrane
non-membrane organelles
74
serve as transport system of cell
"mini circulatory system"
Endoplasmic reticulum
75
2 components of endoplasmic reticulum
RER - Rough ER
SER - Smooth ER
75
contains RIBOSOME
makes & packages PROTEIN
Rough ER
76
DOESN'T contain RIBOSOMES
makes & creates LIPIDS
Smooth ER
77
Responsible for producing proteins for inside & outside cell
Ribosomes
78
ALL CELLS NEED PROTEIN TO FUNCTION
true
79
- Helps process & package proteins
- traffic director for cellular points
Golgi Apparatus/ Body/ Complex
80
performs "EXOCYTOSIS"
CREATION of "LYSOSOMES"
Golgi Apparatus/ Body/ Complex
81
breakdown bodies/ suicide bags
digests old cell parts
Lysosomes
82
FORMED IN GOLGI BODY & CONTAINS " HYDROLITIC ENZYMES"
Lysosomes
83
similar to lysosomes
responsible for self-damage
Peroxisomes
84
Powerful sacs containing enzymes that use oxygen to detoxify number of harmful substances
Peroxisomes
84
Powerhouse of the cell
supply most ATP
Mitochondria
85
Stores food, water, & other metabolic & toxic wastes
Vacuole
86
Only FOUND in PLANT CELLS & SITE FOR FOOD PRODUCTION
ESSENTIAL IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Chloroplast
87
What are the 3 non-membrane organelles
Cytoskeleton
Cell wall
Centrosome
88
the INTERNAL FRAMEWORK
Act as CELLS BONES & MUSCLE
cytoskeleton
89
holds organelles in place
cytoskeleton
90
Found in plant cells & other microorganisms
Cell wall
91
organelle FOUND IN CELL that CONSISTS 2 CENTRIOLES
Centrosome
92
assist in arranging microtubules to be utilized during cell division
Centrosome
93
2 Major classifations of cell
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
94
-Greek word which means true/formed
-greek word which means nucleus
-Eu
-Karyon
95
Presence of nucleus that contains genetic material
Eukaryotes
96
Commonly multicellular except some unicellular like amoeba, euglena, and Paramecium
Eukaryotes
97
Contains more organelles and are bigger
Contain more DNA and making them capable of protein production
Eukaryotes
98
Has a size of 10 to 100 µm
Eukaryotes
99
Greek word which means before/formed
Greek word, which means kurnel
Pro
Karyon
100
Absence of MBO and nucleus
Prokaryotes
101
Parts of bacterial cell
1.Glycocalyx/ slime capsule
2. Cell wall.
3. Plasma membrane.
4. DNA plasmid
5. Bacterial chromosome.
6. Cytoplasm.
7. Ribosomes.
8. Fimbriae
9. Pilus/ Pili
10. Flagellum
102
What are the three protective layers of bacterial cell?
Glycocalyx, cell wall, plasma membrane
103
Protects itself from being engulfed by macrophages.
It is the outer layer that provides protection
Glycocalyx
104
This shapes the cell
Cell wall
105
Prevents loss of water and electrolytes
It is selectively permeable
Plasma membrane
106
What are the two genetic materials in bacterial cell
Bacterial chromosome and DNA plasmid
107
It is the DNA molecule found in cytoplasm
DNA plasmid
108
Contains genetic information found in nucleoid region
Bacterial chromosome
109
What are the organelles in bacterial cell?
Cytoplasm and ribosomes
110
Decide where proteins are synthesize
Ribosomes
111
Used for bacterial attachment
Fimbriae
112
Used to transfer genetic material from one bacterium to another
Pili/ Pilus
113
It is the long tail like thing used for swimming
It is long and facilitates movements
Flagellum
114
It is long and thin, whip-like structure and it is for locomotion
Flagella or flagellum
115
It is finger like that protrude from cell membrane
Aids for absorption
Villi/ Villus
116
It is also called the false feet
It is powered by microfilaments
Pseudopodia
117
Elongated tubular extension of an epidermal cell of a root
Root hair
118
Fine short hair on leaves and stems
Pubescence
119
It makes up an organ
Body tissues
120
Groups of cells with similar structure and function
Body tissues
121
Found in the largest organ in the body called the skin
Epithelial tissue
122
Apical (top) and Basal surface (base) and is avascular (no blood supply)
Epithelial tissue
123
It contains one layer of cell
Simple epithelium
124
It is flat and contains one layer of cell
Squamous epithelium
125
A cube shape that has one layer of cell
Cuboidal epithelium
126
The nucleus is at basal surface and is shape like an upside down rectangle that has one layer of cell
Columnar epithelium
127
Cells are equal in height and length
Cuboidal epithelium
128
Height of cell is more than the width and has a elongated nucleus
Columnar epithelium
129
Two major gland types of glandular epithelium
Endocrine and exocrine gland
130
All secretions are hormones
Secretion diffuse into blood vessels
Endocrine glands
131
Secretion empty through ducts to the epithelial surface
Exocrine gland
132
Column like structure with the nucleus in apical and basal surface
Pseudostratified epithelium
133
Has two or more layers of cell
Compound epithelium
134
It is flat and contains two or more layers of cells
Stratified Squamous epithelium
135
Cells height and length are equal and has two or more layers of cells
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
136
Height of cell is more than the width and has two or more layers of cell
Stratified columnar epithelium
137
It is flexible and can be any epithelium
Transitional epithelium
138
is voluntary and produces gross body movements
Skeletal muscle
139
It is involuntary and found in the walls of hollow organs
has one nucleus per cell
Smooth muscle
140
It is involuntary and it pumps blood
Cardiac muscle
141
Found everywhere in the body
Connective tissues
142
Surrounded by fluid matrix called blood plasma
Blood cell
143
It is the transport vehicle for materials
Blood cell
144
RBC that Transport nutrients and supplies oxygen to body parts
Erythrocytes
145
WBC that protects body from infection
Leukocytes
146
Platelets that help in blood clotting
Thrombocytes
147
Three primary organs of plants
Leaves
stems
roots
148
Two large categories of plant tissues
Merismatic or embryonic
Permanent tissues
149
Where cell division occurs
Merismatic/ embryonic/ Meristems
150
Cell division- one cell becomes two cells
Meristems
151
Found at tips of shoots and roots
Increase in length
Apical meristems
152
Responsible for primary growth
Increase and elongation
Apical meristems
153
Found at vicinity of nodes along stems
Increase the length of stem
Intercalary meristems
154
Secondary growth
Stems and roots grow larger in diameter
Lateral meristems
155
It is non-merismatic
Permanent tissue
156
Types of permanent tissues
Dermal tissue
Ground tissue
Vascular tissue
157
Outermost layer of cell of all young plants
Epidermis
158
Covers leaves of plants containing thousands of tiny parts called stomata
The first layer
Epidermis
159
Contains waxy secretion called cuticle
Epidermis
160
What are the small hair in leaves called
Pubescence
161
Gives added protection and usually found in mature plants
It is found in bark of trees
Periderm
162
Three types of ground tissue
Parenchyma
Collenchyma
Sclerenchyma
163
It possesses large central vacuole and is the storage
Parenchyma
164
supporting young lived plants
Provide support without restraining growth
Collenchyma
165
It is support and strength to tissues
Sclenrenchyma/ stone cells
166
Types of vascular tissue
Xylem
Phloem
167
Movement of water is upwards and is one way flow
Xylem
168
It is two-way flow and tissue conducts the food
Phloem
169
Two types of dermal tissue
Epidermis
Periderm
170
Hair-like structure that covers most parts.
Can be motile or nonmotile.
Cilia
171
2 major premises of cellular classifications
The absence and presence of nucleus
The absence and presence of membrane enclosed organelles
172
The end walls of sieve tube is called
Sieve plates
173
Tissue that supports, protects, and give structure to other tissues and organs in the body
Connective tissue
174
Composed of fat cells, it serves fats, energy reserve, and cushions organs
Adipose
175
Synthesize and transports proteins
Rough ER
176
Synthesizes lipids and detoxifies harmful substances
Smooth ER
177
4 types of tissues
Nervous tissue
Epithelial tissue
Muscle tissue
Connective tissue
