Lessons 2 Flashcards
(253 cards)
1
Q
Candida albicans
A
Topical azoles (vaginitis); nystatin, fluconazole, caspofungin (oral/esophageal); fluconazole, caspofungin, amphotericin B (systemic)
2
Q
Cryptococcus neoformans
A
Induction with amphotericin B and flucytosine, maintenance with fluconazole (in AIDS patients
3
Q
Sporothrix schenckii
A
Itraconazole, oral potassium iodide
4
Q
Pneumocystis jirovecii
A
TMP-SMX (prophylaxis and treatment in immunosuppressed patients, CD4 < 200/mm3)
5
Q
Toxoplasma gondii
A
Sulfadiazine + pyrimethamine
6
Q
Malaria
A
Chloroquine, mefloquine, atovaquone/proguanil (for blood schizont), primaquine (for liver hypnozoite)
7
Q
Trichomonas vaginalis
A
Metronidazole (patient and partner)
8
Q
Streptococcus pyogenes
A
Penicillin prophylaxis
9
Q
Streptococcus pneumoniae
A
Penicillin/cephalosporin (systemic infection, pneumonia), vancomycin (meningitis)
10
Q
Staphylococcus aureus
A
MSSA: nafcillin, oxacillin, dicloxacillin (antistaphylococcal penicillins); MRSA: vancomycin, daptomycin, linezolid, ceftaroline
11
Q
Enterococci
A
Vancomycin, aminopenicillins/cephalosporins
12
Q
Rickettsia rickettsii
A
Doxycycline, chloramphenicol
13
Q
Clostridium difficile
A
Oral metronidazole; if refractory, oral vancomycin
14
Q
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
A
RIPE (rifampin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, ethambutol)
15
Q
UTI prophylaxis
A
TMP-SMX
16
Q
Influenza
A
Oseltamivir, zanamivir
17
Q
CMV
A
Ganciclovir, foscarnet, cidofovir
18
Q
Patent ductus arteriosus
A
Close with indomethacin; keep open with PGE analogs
19
Q
Stable angina
A
Sublingual nitroglycerin
20
Q
Buerger disease
A
Smoking cessation
21
Q
Kawasaki disease
A
IVIG, aspirin
22
Q
Temporal arteritis
A
High-dose steroids
23
Q
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener)
A
Cyclophosphamide, corticosteroids
24
Q
Hypercholesterolemia
A
Statin (first-line)
25
Hypertriglyceridemia
Fibrate
26
Arrhythmia in damaged cardiac tissue
Class IB antiarrhythmic (lidocaine, mexiletine)
27
Prolactinoma
Cabergoline/bromocriptine (dopamine agonists)
28
Diabetes insipidus
Desmopressin (central); hydrochlorothiazide, indomethacin, amiloride (nephrogenic)
29
SIADH
Fluid restriction, IV hypertonic saline, conivaptan/ 338 tolvaptan, demeclocycline
30
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Fluids, insulin, K+
31
Diabetes mellitus type 1
Dietary intervention (low carbohydrate) + insulin 347 replacement
32
Diabetes mellitus type 2
Dietary intervention, oral hypoglycemics, and insulin (if refractory)
33
Pheochromocytoma
α-antagonists (eg, phenoxybenzamine)
34
Carcinoid syndrome
Octreotide
35
Crohn disease
Corticosteroids, infliximab, azathioprine
36
Ulcerative colitis
5-ASA preparations (eg, mesalamine), 6-mercaptopurine, infliximab, colectomy
37
Sickle cell disease
Hydroxyurea (fetal hemoglobin increased)
38
Chronic myelogenous leukemia
Imatinib
39
Acute promyelocytic leukemia (M3)
All-trans retinoic acid, arsenic trioxide
40
Drug of choice for anticoagulation in pregnancy or renal failure
Low-molecular-weight heparin
41
Heparin reversal
Protamine sulfate
42
Immediate anticoagulation
Heparin
43
Long-term anticoagulation
Warfarin, dabigatran, rivaroxaban and apixaban
44
Warfarin reversal
Fresh frozen plasma (acute), vitamin K (non-acute)
45
Cyclophosphamide-induced hemorrhagic cystitis
Mesna
46
HER2/neu ⊕ breast cancer
Trastuzumab
47
Osteoporosis
Calcium/vitamin D supplementation (prophylaxis); 462 bisphosphonates, PTH analogs, SERMs, calcitonin,
denosumab (treatment)
48
Osteomalacia/rickets
Vitamin D supplementation
49
Chronic gout
Xanthine oxidase inhibitors (eg, allopurinol, febuxostat); pegloticase; probenecid
50
Acute gout attack
NSAIDs, colchicine, glucocorticoids
51
Neural tube defect prevention
Prenatal folic acid
52
Migraine
Abortive therapies (eg, sumatriptan, NSAIDs); prophylaxis eg, propranolol, topiramate, CCBs, amitriptyline)
53
Multiple sclerosis
Disease-modifying therapies (eg, β-interferon, natalizumab); for acute flares, use IV steroids
54
Tonic-clonic seizures
Levetiracetam, phenytoin, valproate, carbamazepine
55
Absence seizures
Ethosuximide
56
Trigeminal neuralgia (tic douloureux)
Carbamazepine
57
Malignant hyperthermia
Dantrolene
58
Anorexia
Nutrition, psychotherapy, SSRIs
59
Bulimia nervosa
SSRIs
60
Alcoholism
Disulfiram, acamprosate, naltrexone, supportive care
61
ADHD
Methylphenidate, amphetamines, CBT, atomoxetine, guanfacine, clonidine
62
Alcohol withdrawal
Long-acting benzodiazepines
63
Bipolar disorder
Mood stabilizers (eg, lithium, valproic acid, carbamazepine), atypical antipsychotics
64
Depression
SSRIs (first-line)
65
Generalized anxiety disorder
SSRIs, SNRIs (first line); buspirone (second line)
66
Schizophrenia (positive symptoms)
Typical and atypical antipsychotics
67
Schizophrenia (negative symptoms)
Atypical antipsychotics
68
Hyperaldosteronism
Spironolactone
69
Benign prostatic hyperplasia
α1-antagonists, 5α-reductase inhibitors, PDE-5 inhibitors
70
Infertility
Leuprolide, GnRH (pulsatile), clomiphene
71
Breast cancer in postmenopausal woman
Aromatase inhibitor (anastrozole)
ER ⊕ breast cancer
72
ER ⊕ breast cancer
Tamoxifen
73
Prostate adenocarcinoma/uterine fibroids
Leuprolide, GnRH (continuous)
74
Medical abortion
Mifepristone
75
Prostate adenocarcinoma
Flutamide
76
Erectile dysfunction
Sildenafil, tadalafil, vardenafil
77
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (idiopathic)
Sildenafil, bosentan, epoprostenol
78
Mitochondrial inheritance
Disease occurs in both males and females, inherited through females only
79
Intellectual disability
Down syndrome, fragile X syndrome
80
Vitamin deficiency (USA)
Folate (pregnant women are at high risk; body stores only 3- to 4-month supply; prevents neural tube defects)
81
Lysosomal storage disease
Gaucher disease
82
Bacterial meningitis (adults and elderly)
S pneumoniae
83
Bacterial meningitis (newborns and kids)
Group B streptococcus/E coli/Listeria monocytogenes (newborns), S pneumoniae/N meningitidis (kids/teen
84
HLA-DR3
Diabetes mellitus type 1, SLE, Graves disease, Hashimoto thyroiditis (also associated with HLA-DR5), Addison disease
85
HLA-DR4
Diabetes mellitus type 1, rheumatoid arthritis, Addison disease
86
Bacteria associated with gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and gastric malignancies (eg, adenocarcinoma, MALToma)
H pylori
87
Opportunistic infection in AIDS
Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia
88
Helminth infection (US)
Enterobius vermicularis
89
Viral encephalitis affecting temporal lobe
HSV-1
90
Infection 2° to blood transfusion
Hepatitis C
91
Food poisoning (exotoxin mediated)
S aureus, B cereus
92
Osteomyelitis
S aureus (most common overall)
93
Osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease
Salmonella
94
Osteomyelitis with IV drug use
Pseudomonas, Candida, S aureus
95
UTI
E coli, Staphylococcus saprophyticus (young women)
96
Sexually transmitted disease
C trachomatis (usually coinfected with N gonorrhoeae)
97
Nosocomial pneumonia
S aureus, Pseudomonas, other enteric gram ⊝ rods
98
Pelvic inflammatory disease
C trachomatis, N gonorrhoeae
99
Infections in chronic granulomatous disease
S aureus, E coli, Aspergillus (catalase ⊕)
100
Metastases to bone
Prostate, breast > kidney, thyroid, lung
101
Metastases to brain
Lung > breast > melanoma, colon, kidney
102
Metastases to liver
Colon >> stomach > pancreas
103
S3 heart sound
ventricular filling pressure (eg, mitral regurgitation, HF), common in dilated ventricles
104
S4 heart sound
Stiff/hypertrophic ventricle (aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy
105
Constrictive pericarditis
TB (developing world); idiopathic, viral illness (developed world)
106
Holosystolic murmur
VSD, tricuspid regurgitation, mitral regurgitation
107
Ejection click
Aortic stenosis
108
Mitral valve stenosis
Rheumatic heart disease
109
Opening snap
Mitral stenosis
110
Heart murmur, congenital
Mitral valve prolapse
111
Chronic arrhythmia
Atrial fibrillation (associated with high risk of emboli)
112
Cyanosis (early; less common)
Tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of great vessels, truncus 298 arteriosus, total anomalous pulmonary venous return,
tricuspid atresia
113
Late cyanotic shunt (uncorrected left to right becomes right to left)
Eisenmenger syndrome (caused by ASD, VSD, PDA; results in pulmonary hypertension/polycythemia)
114
Congenital cardiac anomaly
VSD
115
Hypertension, 2°
Renal artery stenosis, chronic kidney disease (eg, 300 polycystic kidney disease, diabetic nephropathy),
hyperaldosteronism
116
Aortic aneurysm, thoracic
Marfan syndrome (idiopathic cystic medial degeneration)
117
Aortic aneurysm, abdominal
Atherosclerosis, smoking is major risk factor
118
Aortic aneurysm, ascending or arch
3° syphilis (syphilitic aortitis), vasa vasorum destruction
119
Sites of atherosclerosis
Abdominal aorta > coronary artery > popliteal artery > carotid artery
120
Aortic dissection
Hypertension
121
Right heart failure due to a pulmonary cause
Cor pulmonale
122
Heart valve in bacterial endocarditis
Mitral > aortic (rheumatic fever), tricuspid (IV drug abuse)
123
Endocarditis presentation associated with bacterium
S aureus (acute, IVDA, tricuspid valve), viridans streptococci (subacute, dental procedure), S bovis (colon
cancer), culture negative (Coxiella, Bartonella, HACEK)
124
Temporal arteritis
Risk of ipsilateral blindness due to occlusion of ophthalmic artery; polymyalgia rheumatica
125
Recurrent inflammation/thrombosis of small/medium
Buerger disease (strongly associated with tobacco) vessels in extremities
126
Cardiac 1° tumor (kids)
Rhabdomyoma, often seen in tuberous sclerosis
127
Cardiac tumor (adults)
Metastasis, myxoma (90% in left atrium; “ball valve”)
128
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hypotension
21-hydroxylase deficiency
129
Hypopituitarism
Pituitary adenoma (usually benign tumor)
130
Cretinism
Iodine deficit/congenital hypothyroidism
131
Thyroid cancer
Papillary carcinoma (childhood irradiation)
132
Hypoparathyroidism
Accidental excision during thyroidectomy
133
1° hyperparathyroidism
Adenomas, hyperplasia, carcinoma
134
2° hyperparathyroidism
Hypocalcemia of chronic kidney disease
135
Cushing syndrome
Iatrogenic (from corticosteroid therapy) 348 Adrenocortical adenoma (secretes excess cortisol)
ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma (Cushing disease) Paraneoplastic (due to ACTH secretion by tumors)
136
1° hyperaldosteronism
Adrenal hyperplasia or adenoma
137
Tumor of the adrenal medulla (kids)
Neuroblastoma (malignant)
138
Tumor of the adrenal medulla (adults)
Pheochromocytoma (usually benign)
139
Refractory peptic ulcers and high gastrin levels
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastrinoma of duodenum or 351, pancreas), associated with MEN1
140
Esophageal cancer
Squamous cell carcinoma (worldwide); adenocarcinoma (US)
141
Acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury
Cushing ulcer (intracranial pressure stimulates vagal gastric H+ secretion)
142
Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns
Curling ulcer (greatly reduced plasma volume results in 379 sloughing of gastric mucosa)
143
Bilateral ovarian metastases from gastric carcinoma
Krukenberg tumor (mucin-secreting signet ring cells)
144
Chronic atrophic gastritis (autoimmune)
Predisposition to gastric carcinoma (can also cause pernicious anemia)
145
Gastric cancer
Adenocarcinoma
146
Alternating areas of transmural inflammation and normalcolon
Skip lesions (Crohn disease)
147
Site of diverticula
Sigmoid colon
148
Diverticulum in pharynx
Zenker diverticulum (diagnosed by barium swallow)
149
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Cirrhotic liver (associated with hepatitis B and C, alcoholism, and hemochromatosis)
150
Liver disease
Alcoholic cirrhosis
151
1° liver cancer
Hepatocellular carcinoma (chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hemochromatosis, α1-antitrypsin deficiency, Wilson
disease)
152
Congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (black liver)
Dubin-Johnson syndrome (inability of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile)
153
Hereditary harmless jaundice
Gilbert syndrome (benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia)
154
Hemochromatosis
Multiple blood transfusions or hereditary HFE mutation (can result in heart failure, “bronze diabetes,” andrisk
of hepatocellular carcinoma)
155
Pancreatitis (acute)
Gallstones, alcohol
156
Pancreatitis (chronic)
Alcohol (adults), cystic fibrosis (kids)
157
Microcytic anemia
Iron deficiency
158
Autosplenectomy (fibrosis and shrinkage)
Sickle cell disease (hemoglobin S)
159
Bleeding disorder with GpIb deficiency
Bernard-Soulier syndrome (defect in platelet adhesion to von Willebrand factor)
160
Hereditary bleeding disorder
von Willebrand disease
161
DIC
Severe sepsis, obstetric complications, cancer, burns,trauma, major surgery, acute pancreatitis, APL
162
Malignancy associated with noninfectious fever
Hodgkin lymphoma
163
Type of Hodgkin lymphoma
Nodular sclerosis (vs mixed cellularity, lymphocytic predominance, lymphocytic depletion)
164
t(14;18)
Follicular lymphomas (BCL-2 activation, anti-apoptotic oncogene)
165
t(8;14)
Burkitt lymphoma (c-myc fusion, transcription factor oncogene)
166
Type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
167
1 degree bone tumor (adults)
Multiple myeloma
168
Age ranges for patient with ALL/CLL/AML/CML
ALL: child, CLL: adult > 60, AML: adult ∼ 65, CML: 432, adult 45–85
169
Malignancy (kids)
Leukemia, brain tumors
170
Death in CML
Blast crisis
171
t(9;22)
Philadelphia chromosome, CML (BCR-ABL oncogene, 434 tyrosine kinase activation), more rarely associated with
ALL
172
Vertebral compression fracture
Osteoporosis (type I: postmenopausal woman; type II: elderly man or woman)
173
HLA-B27
Psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, IBD-associated arthritis, reactive arthritis (formerly Reiter syndrome)
174
Death in SLE
Lupus nephropathy
175
Tumor of infancy
Strawberry hemangioma (grows rapidly and regresses spontaneously by childhood)
176
Actinic (solar) keratosis
Precursor to squamous cell carcinoma
177
Cerebellar tonsillar herniation
Chiari I malformation
178
Atrophy of the mammillary bodies
Wernicke encephalopathy (thiamine deficiency causing ataxia, ophthalmoplegia, and confusion)
179
Epidural hematoma
Rupture of middle meningeal artery (trauma; lentiform shaped)
180
Subdural hematoma
Rupture of bridging veins (crescent shaped)
181
Dementia
Alzheimer disease, multiple infarcts (vascular dementia)
182
Demyelinating disease in young women
Multiple sclerosis
183
Brain tumor (adults)
Supratentorial: metastasis, astrocytoma (including glioblastoma multiforme), meningioma, schwannoma
184
Pituitary tumor
Prolactinoma, somatotropic adenoma
185
Brain tumor (kids)
Infratentorial: medulloblastoma (cerebellum) or supratentorial: craniopharyngioma
186
Mixed (UMN and LMN) motor neuron disease
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
187
Degeneration of dorsal column fibers
Tabes dorsalis (3° syphilis), subacute combined degeneration (dorsal columns, lateral corticospinal,
spinocerebellar tracts affected)
188
Nephrotic syndrome (adults)
Membranous nephropathy
189
Nephrotic syndrome (kids)
Minimal change disease
190
Glomerulonephritis (adults)
Berger disease (IgA nephropathy)
191
Kidney stones
Calcium = radiopaque 598 Struvite (ammonium) = radiopaque (formed by urease
⊕ organisms such as Klebsiella, Proteus species, and
S saprophyticus)
Uric acid = radiolucent
Cystine = faintly radiopaque
192
Renal tumor
Renal cell carcinoma: associated with von Hippel-Lindau and cigarette smoking; paraneoplastic syndromes (EPO,
renin, PTHrP, ACTH)
193
Obstruction of male urinary tract
BPH
194
1° amenorrhea
Turner syndrome (45,XO or 45,XO/46,XX mosaic)
195
Neuron migration failure
Kallmann syndrome (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia)
196
Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina
DES exposure in utero
197
Ovarian tumor (benign, bilateral)
Serous cystadenoma
198
Ovarian tumor (malignant)
Serous cystadenocarcinoma
199
Tumor in women
Leiomyoma (estrogen dependent, not precancerous)
200
Gynecologic malignancy
Endometrial carcinoma (most common in US); cervical carcinoma (most common worldwide)
201
Breast mass
Fibrocystic change, carcinoma (in postmenopausal women)
202
Breast tumor (benign, young woman)
Fibroadenoma
203
Breast cancer
204
Testicular tumor
Seminoma (malignant, radiosensitive),placental ALP
205
Pulmonary hypertension
Idiopathic, heritable, left heart disease (eg, HF), lung disease (eg, COPD), hypoxemic vasoconstriction (eg, OSA), thromboembolic (eg, PE)
206
Hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, blood stasis
Virchow triad (high risk of thrombosis)
207
SIADH
Small cell carcinoma of the lung
208
Amiloride
K+-sparing diuretic
209
Amiodarone
Class III antiarrhythmic
210
Amlodipine
Dihydropyridine Ca2+ channel blocker
211
Benztropine
Cholinergic antagonist
212
Bromocriptine
Dopamine agonist
213
Buspirone
Generalized anxiety disorder (5-HT1A-receptor agonist)
214
Bupropion
Depression, smoking cessation (NE-DA reuptake inhibitor)
215
Cimetidine
H2-receptor antagonist
216
Cetirizine 2nd-generation antihistamine
217
Chloramphenicol
Antibiotic (blocks 50S subunit)
218
Chlordiazepoxide
Long-acting benzodiazepine
219
Chlorpromazine
Typical antipsychotic
220
Chlorpropamide
1st-generation sulfonylurea
221
Chlorpheniramine
1st-generation antihistamine
222
Chlorthalidone
Thiazide diuretic
223
Clozapine
5-HT2A-agonist
224
Clomipramine
Tricyclic antidepressant
225
Clomiphene
Selective estrogen receptor modulator
226
Clonidine
α2-agonist
227
Doxepin
Tricyclic antidepressant
228
Doxazosin
α1-antagonist
229
Eplerenone
K+-sparing diuretic
230
Propafenone
Class IC antiarrhythmic
231
Fluoxetine
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
232
Fluphenazine
Typical antipsychotic
233
Duloxetine
Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor
234
Guaifenesin
Expectorant (thins respiratory secretions)
235
Guanfacine
α2-agonist
236
Mifepristone
Progesterone receptor antagonist
237
Misoprostol
PGE1 synthetic analog
238
Naloxone
Opioid receptor antagonist (treats toxicity)
239
Naltrexone
Opioid receptor antagonist (prevents relapse)
240
Nitroprusside
Hypertensive emergency (cGMP/NO)increase
241
Nitroglycerin
Antianginal (cGMP/NO)high
242
Omeprazole
Proton pump inhibitor
243
Ketoconazole
Antifungal (inhibits fungal sterol synthesis)
244
Aripiprazole
Atypical antipsychotic
245
Anastrozole
Aromatase inhibitor
246
Rifaximin
Hepatic encephalopathy (ammoniagenic bacteria)
247
Rifampin
Antimicrobial (inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase)
248
Sertraline
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
249
Selegiline
MAO-B inhibitor
250
Trazodone
Insomnia (blocks 5-HT2, α1-adrenergic, and H1 receptors)
251
Tramadol
Chronic pain (weak opioid agonist)
252
Varenicline
Smoking cessation (nicotinic ACh receptor partial agonist)
253
Venlafaxin
Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibito
