Lessons Learned Flashcards
(884 cards)
1
Q
What are platelets?
A
Platelets are cell fragments and do not have nuclei
2
Q
What effect does a leak in the distillation apparatus have on boiling point?
A
Leaks in a distillation apparatus increase surface tension, increasing boiling point
3
Q
How do you calculate half life?
A
T1/2 = 0.6931/k
4
Q
How do you find the change in frequency from two wavelengths?
A
Convert the wavelengths to frequency and use c = (frequency)(wavelength)
5
Q
What is the path of sperm?
A
Epididymis, vas deferens, urethra, vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tube
6
Q
What is a regulatory function of skin?
A
Skin can regulate body temperature; when skin stand up it traps air in a layer, providing insulation
7
Q
What does normal spermatogenesis produce?
A
4 haploid sperm cells
8
Q
How do people with self-serving biases respond to situational variables?
A
Individuals experiencing self-serving bias attribute their own negative behaviors to situational variables
9
Q
What are the components of the knee-jerk response?
A
sensory neuron, motor neuron
10
Q
What is drive in the psychodynamic theory?
A
Drive is a negative state of tension created when needs are not met
11
Q
How does group polarization affect focus groups?
A
Group polarization affects attitude towards a topic as when people discuss together their views tend to get more polarized
11
Q
What are the characteristics of the 4 stages of sleep?
A
NREM1 has low brain activity and blood pressure, NREM2 has decreased muscle activity and no consciousness of the external environment, NREM3 is deep sleep with regular breathing and slow brain waves, REM is the deepest stage with partial paralysis and vivid dreams
12
Q
What is anomie?
A
Anomie describes the alienation that individuals feel when social norms and social bonds are weak
13
Q
How does the ideal gas law change at high pressures?
A
At higher than atmospheric pressure the volume of gas particles in not negligible
14
Q
Why can light travel long distances without dimming?
A
Internal reflection allows light to be carried long distances with little amplitude loss, it can propagate forever if nothing absorbs it
15
Q
What happens when a basic salt is in an aqueous solution?
A
The anion of a basic salt reacts with water to produce hydroxyl ions
16
Q
How do you calculate moles given the mass of a compound?
A
To find the number of moles in a reaction: grams/molar mass
17
Q
Why do transition metals change colors?
A
When electrons in lower energy d orbitals absorb visible light they move to the higher energy d orbitals, causing energy absorption that turns solutions a certain color
18
Q
How does hydrogen bonding effect stereoisomers?
A
Hydrogen bonding can make stereoisomers have different stability
19
Q
What is an equation for buoyancy?
A
F_b = ρ * V * g
20
Q
How is density related to depth and pressure?
A
The pressure in a liquid due to the gravitational force of the liquid above a given depth is proportional to the density and the depth
21
Q
How is pressure related to velocity in a fluid carrying pipe?
A
The pressure of a liquid in a pipe is greatest where the fluid velocity is lowest
22
Q
How does Ohms law relate current and resistance of parallel resistors?
A
Currents in parallel resistors are inversely proportional to their individual resistances because they have the same voltage drop across them
23
Q
How can you find blood pressure in different parts of the body?
A
Blood pressure in the body can be determined by rgh and is independent of blood flow or viscosity
24
How does pKa magnitude relate to acidity?
A smaller magnitude pKa is more acidic but when pKas are negative a greater pKa is more acidic
25
What is the distance from crest to trough?
The distance from crest to trough is half the wavelength
26
When the angle is less than 45 degrees what is the relationship between x and y
When theta is less than 45 degrees, x is greater than y
27
How do mass affect range?
When air resistance is negligible, mass does not affect range
28
How does height affect range?
Dropping an object from a higher height increases the airtime and thus the range, range increase by sqt of height
29
Where is the electron density in a sigma bond?
In sigma bonds most of the electron density is between the nuclei
30
Are single or double, substituted or unsubstituted bonds stronger?
Double bonds are stronger than single bonds, substituted bonds are stronger than unsubstitued ones
31
How does decreasing the number of hydrogen bonds in a solution effect the absorbance peak for the O-H bond?
Decreasing the number of hydrogen bonds sharpens the O-H absorbance peak and shift the value to a higher wave number
32
When is a molecule square planar?
Square planar shape occurs when the central atom has two lone pairs and four bonds
33
How does lone pair-ligand repulsion change the shape of a molecule?
Lone pair-ligand repulsion increases the angle between a lone pair and a bond with the central atom
34
Why can't halides be reduced?
Because a halide has a -1 oxidation state it cannot be further reduced
35
How do you find the number of valence electrons on a central atom?
When finding the number of valence electrons for a central atom bonded electrons count as 2 and lone pairs count as 2
36
Why are rigid surfaces used in photoelectric experiments?
Rigid surfaces have more surface area so they can absorb more photons
37
What is terminal velocity?
Terminal velocity is the velocity of an object when its acceleration goes to zero
38
How does increasing initial velocity affect terminal velocity?
A greater initial velocity causes an object to reach terminal velocity faster but the terminal velocity is the same
39
What properties of an object does terminal velocity depend on?
Terminal velocity depends on an objects shape, mass, and area
40
How is mass and area affected when water changes form?
When water turns into another form the mass stays the same but the area may change
41
How can you deal with two torques on the same side of the fulcrum?
Torque on the same side of the fulcrum can be added to determine the total torque on that side
42
How are translational and rotational motion affected when the fulcrum is moved away from the center of mass?
When the fulcrum is no longer at the center of mass forces on the rod cause it to accelerate and have translational and rotational motion
42
Do the fulcrum exert a force or torque on a rod?
A fulcrum exerts a normal force on the rod but no torque because there is no lever arm
43
Can an object be in motion if its net torque and force are zero?
If the net force and net torque on an object are both zero the object may still be in motion
44
What kind of reaction produces a racemic mixture?
If the specific rotation is zero the mixture is racemic so it was produced from an Sn1 reaction
45
For what type of reaction is the rate determined by the nucleophile?
Sn2 reaction rates are determined by the nucleophile
46
What is the priority order of single, double, and triple bonds
Double bonds are higher priority than single bonds, triple bonds are higher priority than double bonds
47
Can distillation be used to separate enantiomers?
Enantiomers have the same boiling point so cannot be separated by distillation
48
Can chiral catalysts change the chirality of products?
Chiral catalysts can change the chirality of the product because the transition state is affected
49
When do ionization energy exceptions occur?
Ionization energy exceptions occur when there is a half-filled stability of the energy level and when there is an s2-shell
50
What sub-shell numbers correspond to l=1?
Electrons in the l=1 sub-level can only have -1, 0, or 1 sub-shell numbers
51
What are paramagnetic species?
Paramagnetic species have an unpaired electron, compounds including transition metal compounds can be paramagnetic
52
How do you find the number of d orbital electron in a transition metal in a compound?
To find the number of d orbital electrons determine the oxidation state of the transition metal and then use that to adjust from the number of electrons in ground state
53
Which electrons are removed first when transition metals are ionized?
Electrons are taken from the s orbital and then the d orbital
54
What is the equation for the work done by a gas?
For a gas, W = -P∆V
55
What is the relationship between work, heat, and energy in a refrigerator?
In a refrigerator work is added to the system and heat is removed (opposite of heat pump), Energy is conserved
56
What is the relationship between work, heat, and energy?
∆E - q + w, so when energy is conserved q and w are opposite signed
57
What happens when gas is compressed?
When gas is compressed heat is released
58
How many ATPs are produced in one round of glycolysis?
Glycolysis produces 2 ATP molecules per glucose
59
Where do leukocytes travel to?
Leukocytes move towards inflammation
60
How does glucose travel around the body?
The beating heart circulates blood that distributes glucose to tissues
61
What does the Hardy-Weinberg law say?
The frequency of carriers is given by 2pq
62
How do extrachromosomal genes get passed on?
Extrachromosomal genes that are passed on must-self replicate
63
What happens during meiosis of vertebrate oocytes?
When a vertebrate oocyte divides in meiosis most of the cytoplasm goes to the daughter cell destined to be the ovum and the other daughter cells, the polar bodies, are cast off with little cytoplasm
64
Does anaerobic respiration require energy input?
ATP must be consumed to kickstart anaerobic respiration
65
What are the organic components of human bone?
The human bone would be expected to contain calcium, phosphate and hydroxyl groups
66
Why can glutamine hydrogen bond with glutamate?
Glutamine's NH2 group of the side chain can act as a hydrogen bond donor
67
How do uncompetitive inhibitors effect kinetic values like Km, Kcat, Vmax?
Uncompetitive inhibitors effect Km and Kcat but not Km/Vmax because they bind only to enzyme substrate complexes
68
What is specific activity?
Specific activity is a measure of the amount of enzyme per milligram of total protein; this provides a measure of the purity of an enzymatic mixture
69
What is the last to elute in size-exclusion chromatography?
In size-exclusion chromatography smallest molecules are the last to elute
70
What needs to be present to form disulfide bonds?
Disulfide bonds between two protein subunits require a reducing agent
71
What do good nucleophiles need?
Atoms with available lone pairs make good nucleophiles
72
When does glucose bind and release its symporter?
Glucose binds to the symporter in high extracellular Na+ concentrations and releases in low intracellular Na+ concentrations
73
What is the relationship between concentration gradient and movement of ions via simple diffusion?
As the concentration gradient increases the movement of ions through simple diffusion increases
74
What affect does the AcH receptor have on ion concentration in the cell?
AcH receptor directly allows more Na+ to enter the cell than K+ to leave the cell
75
When does the threshold potential occur in term of ion movement?
The threshold potential for an aciton potential is the point where the influx of Na+ exactly matches the efflux of K
76
What is the status of ion channels at the peak of an action potential?
When the action potential peaks, slow Na+ channels have closed but fast channels are still open, K+ channels are open
77
What enzyme removes a carboxylic acid?
A decarboxylase removes a carboxylic acid
78
What affect does sympathetic nerve stimulation have on pupil size?
Sympathetic nerve stimulation increases pupil size (dilates pupils)
79
What lenses are used to fix lens and cornea issues
Lens and cornea issues should be fixed with compatible non-uniform lenses that allow the image to focus on the retina
80
How do competitive inhibitors affect the maximum and half-maximum binding substrate concentrations?
Competitive inhibitors don't change the maximum binding concentration because receptors are not changed but the half-maximum binding becomes higher because the receptor has less affinity for the substrate
81
What happens when a pathway stimulates both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system
When a pathway stimulates both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system one may be dominant causing stress
82
How do the lengths of fibers compare in the sympathetic nervous system?
Preganglionic fibers are short while postganglionic fibers are long
83
Why do blood capillaries have lower velocity?
Capillaries have larger cross-sectional areas so lower average velocities because blood flow is velocity x cross sectional area
84
How do veinus pressure and arterial pressure change over the heart cycle?
Arterial pressure but not veinus pressure changes significantly over the heart cycle
85
What component of the circulatory system has a low percentage of blood?
Arterioles have the least blood volume in the circulatory system, veins have a much higher percentage of the blood than arteries
86
What happens to arterial and venous pressure and blood flow if the heart stops?
If the heart stops cardiac output is reduced to zero and the pressures in the venous and arterial systems equilibrate
87
What hormones affect blood volume directly?
Vasopressin and aldosterone directly increase blood volume
88
How are single unit fibers coupled in the smooth muscle?
In the smooth muscle single unit fibers are coupled through gap junctions
89
The channels of which ions are responsible for the speed of action potentials in smooth muscles?
Calcium is responsible for the conduction velocity of an action potential in smooth muscles
90
How does duodenum activity effect the gallbladder?
The duodenum secretes CCK and CCK stimulates gallbladder contraction
91
What do anti-acids do?
Anti-acids delay the appearance of acid in the stomach by neutralizing the increase in gastrointestinal acid caused by eating
92
What are trypsins?
Trypsins are secreted by the pancreas and activate digestive enzymes in the small intestine
93
What component of the intestine is responsible for fat droplet absorption?
Intestinal cell microvilli are responsible for the absorption of fat droplets
94
What is bile salt secretion needed for?
Bile sale secretion is needed for cholesterol absorption in the small intestine
95
What and where does lipoprotein lipase do?
Lipoprotein lipase cleaves the fatty acids from a molecule before it reaches the liver, cholesterol remains
96
What happens when the solute concentration increases in the glomerulus?
Filtration rate decreases in the glomerulus if the solute concentration gets too high
97
How is sodium transported back across the membrane during reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule?
Sodium is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule by symporters with glucose and amino acids
98
What is the relationship between afferent/efferent and artery/vein direction of movement?
Arteries align with afferent, veins align with efferent
99
What happens to resting potential if the bodily concentration of K+ is decreased?
If there is less K+ in a cell, the resting membrane potential will be more negative because there will be even less positive ions in the cell
100
What happens to enzymes if there is a hole in dialysis tubing
The enzyme will exit the tubing if there is a hole
101
What does the hormone erythropoietin do and what organ produces it?
Erythropoietin signals the bone marrow to make more red blood cells and is produced by the kidney
102
What is edema and what organ failure does it indicate?
Edema is the accumulation of fluid in the intercellular spaces leading to tissue swelling and indicates tissue failure
103
How are concentrations altered by dialysis tubing?
Small ions and water can move through dialysis tubing, concentration of larger molecules depends on the water movement
104
How does protein in the plasma affect osmotic force in Bowman's capsule?
Protein in the plasma can't be filtered to it creates an osmotic force that pulls fluid away from Bowman's capsule
105
How does the body react to a decreased level of something?
The body acts to reverse a deficiency causing increased levels of what was decreased and its product
106
How do steroid hormones relay signals?
Steroid hormones like testosterone pass through the plasma membranes of cells, directly affecting DNA transcription
107
How does the humanistic perspective explain behavior?
In the humanistic perspective behavior is explained through self-concept and incongruence
108
What is locus of control?
Locus of control is belief about whether life events are due to own actions (internal) or due to outside forces beyond your control (external)
109
What is habituation?
Habituation is loss of response to a repeating stimuli
110
How do experiences shape people with functioning implicit memories?
Having implicit memory capabilities allows an individual to develop and and change responses based on experiences
111
What is validity in a sociology experiment?
Validity refers to the extent to which a measure reflects the phenomenon being studied
112
What is the relationship between education level and risk for health issues?
Greater educational attainment is often associated with less risk factors for health issues
113
Why does plating metals on carbon increase reactivity?
Plating a metal onto the surface of carbon maximizes surface area making reactivity most efficient
114
What gases can form after the cation is completely reduced in an electrolytic cell?
Once the cation is completely reduced, hydrogen and oxygen gas may form from electrolysis of water
115
How is electricity conducted in carbon complexes?
Deconjugated pi bonds in carbon complexes can conduct electricity
116
How does the sign and magnitidue of E_cell correspond to energy input needed?
A more negative E_cell requires more voltage input for electrolysis
117
What relationship between cathode and anode cation concentration yields higher a higher voltage?
Cells with higher ratios of cathode cation to anode cation have higher voltages (E_observed > E_cell)
118
How can the life of a Galvanic cell be increased?
Increasing cation concentration can increase the life of a Galvanic cell
119
When does E_observed = E_cell in a Galvanic cell?
When the anode and cathode cation concentrations are equal the E_observed = E_cell
120
How does the IR absorbance of an alkene double bond compare to that of a carbonyl?
Alkene IR absorbances are slightly lower than carbonyls because the carbonyl bond is slightly shorter/stronger
121
Can the hydrogen of an aldehyde can be split by hydrogens on the carbon on the other side of the carbonyl in hNMR?
The hydrogen of an aldehyde can be split by hydrogens on the carbon on the other side of the carbonyl
122
When is the secondary oocyte arrested?
The secondary oocyte is arrested in metaphase
123
What is the function of prostaglandins in reproduction?
Prostaglandins are known to regulate the female reproductive system, and are involved in the control of ovulation, the menstrual cycle and the induction of labour
124
What happens to progesterone levels when labor begins?
Progesterone is blocked when contractions are induced
125
What hormones maintain the corpus lutetium during menstruation and pregnancy?
LH maintains the corpus lutetium during luteal phase of menstruation and hCG secreted by the placenta maintains it during pregnancy
126
What organs produce estrogen and progesterone during pregnancy?
The placenta takes over estrogen and progesterone production from the ovaries after the first 6 weeks of pregnancy
127
What hormone and organ control the production of steroids during pregnancy?
The production of steroids during the early part of gestation is dependent on human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) derived from the placenta
128
What ducts develop into the uterus and ejaculatory genitals?
Mullerian ducts develop into the uterus and Wolffian ducts develop into male genitals
129
When in gestation do sex based differences emerge?
Around week 6 of gestation the embryonic gonads become distinguishable by sex
130
What is the relationship between resistance and radius of a tube?
Resistance of a tube is inversely proportional to the radius to the the fourth power
131
How does estrogen cause relaxation?
Estrogen directly acts on vascular smooth muscle to cause relaxation
132
How does estrogen prevent coronary artery diseases?
Estrogen acts as a vasodilator and blocks vasoconstrictors
133
What hormone directly triggers ovulation?
Luteinizing hormone directly triggers ovulation
134
What organs produce and secrete oxytocin?
The hypothalamus produces oxytocin and sends it to the posterior pituitary where it is secreted
135
How can hormones be released without communicating with the bloodstream?
Hormones can be secreted from one cell to another without moving through the bloodstream
136
What do agonists do?
Agonists activate receptors and illicit a physiological response
137
Are spermatogonia haploid or diploid?
Spermatogonia are diploid cells
138
How are forces and centripetal force related in an oscillating pendulum?
In an oscillating pendulum, the sum of forces acting on the pendulum (tension minus gravity) is equal to the centripetal force
139
Are energy and momentum conserved in an oscillating pendulum?
Momentum and energy are not conserved because the external force of gravity is acting on the system and kinetic energy is constantly changing
140
What kind of neurotransmitters are most responsible for the perception of pain?
The neurotransmitters largely responsible for the perception of pain are endorphins (polypeptides produced in the brain)
141
Where is the concentration of a substance highest if it can move freely about the body?
If there are no significant barriers to a substances passage through the body its concentration will equilibrate around the body
142
What do phosphodiesterases do?
Phosphodiesterases break down ATP and cAMP
143
Does the brain have nociceptors?
The brain does not have nociceptors, making it insensitive to pain
144
What is a quasi-experimental design?
A quasi-experimental design systematically compares differences between groups that to which participants have not been randomly assigned
145
When is nonspecific immunity developed?
Nonspecific immunity develops from birth, prior to birth the placenta transfers antibodies
146
What kinds of bonds can be dissolved in high salt or high pH concentrations?
Weak bonds (hydrogen, van der waals, hydrophobic) can be dissolved in high salt and high pH concentrations, strong bonds (covalent) cannot
147
How does an antigen bind an antibody?
An epitope on the antigen binds a paratope on the antibody
148
What is a monovalent antigen?
A monovalent anitgen has affinity for only one epitope
149
How do cascades amplify products?
In biological cascades an enzyme acts on many molecules of the next step, amplifying the products
150
How is bone marrow involved in antibody production?
The bone marrow is the site of B-cell birth and maturation, B-cells are responsible for the production of antibodies
151
Where and by what is heme degraded?
Heme is degraded by bilirubin in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow
152
Where do polypeptide hormones act?
Polypeptide hormones act on receptors on the plasma membrane of a cell
153
How to insulin and EGF receptors convey messages within the cell?
EGF and insulin receptors use similar signal transduction mechanisms in that they both activate kinase cascades
154
What is the general pathway from secondary messengers to cellular response?
Secondary messengers often activate kinases/phosphatases which activate proteins which cause a cellular response
155
What is missing in individuals with type 1 diabetes?
In type 1 diabetes individuals do not have beta cells in the pancreas so they do not release insulin
156
What energetic cycle does insulin promote?
Insulin promotes glycolysis and the use of glucose as a source of fuel
157
What measures the kinetic energy of a gas?
Temperature is a measure of a gas's kinetic energy, at the same temperature all gases have the same kinetic energy
158
What types of molecules deviate the most from the ideal gas law?
Molecules withe more intermolecular forces/more polar molecules and larger molecules deviate most from the ideal gas law
159
What equation relates pressure and force?
Pascal's Principle: P=F/A
160
What happens in a container when pressure is unequal?
When pressure is unequal liquid will flow to the side of less pressure until equilibrium is reached
161
How does pressure change if density increases but force and area stay the same?
If force and area remain constant, pressure remains constant
162
What is the relationship between area and velocity in a tube? How does decreasing area affect pressure?
If the cross sectional area is smaller, fluid velocity will be larger (Av=k), this will make the pressure smaller (Bernoulli's equation)
163
What kind of gas is best to propel through a has chromatography apparatus?
The best gas to propel through the gas chromatography apparatus is inert
164
Why does less of the more volatile liquid get removed as fractional distillation goes on?
As the distillation column heats up, there is less condensation so less of the more volatile liquid is removed
165
What state are most common amino acids in at physiological pH?
At physiological pH most of the common amino acids are in their zwitterionic form (amino group protonated and carboxyl group deprotonated)
166
What is the difference between hydration and hydroxylation?
Hydration is a complexation of water with another compound, hydroxylation adds a hydroxyl group to an organic compound
167
Why is a wide range of pKa values found within a protein?
Different R groups on amino acids have different pKas
168
How many molecules of water do you need to form an amide bond?
Formation of an amide bond for a polypeptide chain requires 1 molecule of water
169
What phase is S phase in?
S phase is a part of interphase
170
What types of cells don't replicate?
Nerve cells and skeletal muscle cells do not replicate but remain in G1
171
What can autoradiography show?
Autoradiography can locate radioactively labeled molecules from radioactive decay of an isotope
172
Where is bacterial DNA located in the cell?
Bacterial DNA is in the cytoplasm, bacteria do not have nuclei!
173
Do rods or cones facilitate photopic or scotopic vision?
Cones facilitate photopic vision and rods facilitate scotopic vision
174
What is the relationship between interaural time difference and the distance the input travels to a coincidence detector?
The larger the ITF the farther that auditory input travels to reach a coincidence detector
175
What kind of information does the lateral geniculate nucleus process?
The lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus processes visual information from the contralateral field
176
Is competitive inhibition reversible or irreversible?
Competitive inhibition is reversible
177
What happens to a cell when no NET ATP is produced?
If ATP is not made, the cell stops growing
178
What does an uncoupling agent do?
An uncoupling agent prevents the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP
179
What happens in familial hypercholesterolemia
In FH LDL receptors don't work so the cell increases LDL production and there is more LDL in the blood
180
How do ingested molecules end up in the bloodstream?
When molecules are digested they move into the bloodstream
181
What tissue stores the most glycogen?
Muscle has the most glycogen
182
What process converts pyruvate and alanine into glycogen?
Alanine and pyruvate become glycogen through gluconeogenesis
183
What is a transamination reaction?
Transamination is a reversible chemical reaction that transfers an amino group from an amino acid to an α-keto acid
184
What does a lower pKa say in terms of charge?
A lower pKa means the proton will be lost at a lower pH, and the molecule will be more negative
185
What is a monohybrid cross?
A monohybrid cross involves individuals that differ only with respect to the alleles at a single locus
186
What is the frequency of a homozygous dominant individual?
The prevalence of a homozygous dominant individual is p^2
187
Which bases are one member rings and which are two?
Purine rings (A,G) are two member, pyrimidine rings (C,T, U) are one member
188
Are bacterial DNA in the same packaging as eukaryotic DNA?
No, bacterial genomes are not packaged with histone proteins
189
What amino acid does AUG code for in eukaryotes and prokaryotes?
AUG is the start codon and encodes for methionine in eukaryotes and N-formylmethionine in prokaryotes
190
What is genetic drift?
Genetic drift is the change in frequency of an existing gene variant in the population due to random chance
191
Does the sense strand or the antisense strand give rise to functional RNA? Which one is identical to the functional RNA?
The antisense strand gives rise to functional RNA, which is nearly identical to the sense strand, the sense strand is not transcribed but contains the genetic code
192
Are base-paired strands oriented in the same or opposite directions?
Oposite- a 5' to 3' strand matches complementary to a 3' to 5' strand
193
What is tRNA?
tRNA is the amino acid carrier for protein translation
194
What equation can be used to determine the number of strands made in n cycles of DNA replication?
2x2^n
195
How do prokaryotes maintain genetic diversity?
Prokaryotes maintain genetic diversity through conjugation, transformation, transduction, and transposable elements
196
Are normally produced mRNA sense or antisense?
Normally produced mRNA are sense mRNA
197
What is hypoxia?
Hypoxia is when the body or a part of the body doesn't have enough oxygen at the tissue level
198
What can cause diarrhea in terms of liquid uptake?
Increased movement of water from luminal epithelial cells to the intestinal lumen when something in the intestine can't be digested can causes diarrhea
199
What is symport transport?
Symport refers to the transport of molecules in the same direction across the membrane
200
What are trans-acting genes?
Trans-acting genes are capable of activating on another chromosome
201
Is a molecule that is bound to DNA diffusible?
If a molecule is bound to DNA it is no longer diffusible
202
How does the fiber stay the same size when the muscle contracts?
Both ends of the microfilament are capped so that the fiber doesn't change length as the muscle contracts
203
How do microfilaments elongate?
Microfilaments elongate by adding more actin monomers, most quickly to the + end
204
How does conjugation work?
In conjugation genes are transferred across a sexpilus from one bacteria to another
205
What is a stereotypes? Can it be about one's own group?
Stereotype is an often unconscious categorization used to predict behavior, can be about one's own group
206
What kind of input encodes for echoic memory?
Echoic memory is encoded by acoustic sensory information
207
What pairs of letters are most likely to be confused in the phonological loop?
Letters that sound the same (not look the same) are more likely to be confused in the phonological loop
208
What is lost and released in decarboxylation?
In decarboxylation the terminal carbon of a reactant is lost and carbon dioxide is released
209
Does an alkyne disrupt phospholipid packing?
An alkyne does not disrupt phospholipid packing because it is linear
210
Are any phospholipids uncharged?
No since all phospholipids have a negative phosphate group (although they can have a net charge of 0)
211
What state is a compound in past the supercritical point?
Past the supercritical point the compound exists as a supercritical fluid
212
What oxidation state do carbon-oxygen bonds give the carbon atom?
Carbon-oxygen bonds give the carbon atom a +1 oxidation state
213
What byproduct does the first carbon of pyruvate become in the link reaction between glycolysis and the Kreb's cycle?
The first carbon is becomes carbon dioxide
214
What atom do most reducing agents have?
Reducing agents almost always have hydrogens to lose
215
If an atom bonded to sulfur is now bonded to carbon instead how has its oxidation state changed?
Sulfur is more electronegative than carbon so the bond change causes reduction
216
What happens to the total current when total resistance increase and voltage stays constant?
If the total resistance increases the total current decreases
217
What is the equation for power in terms of voltage and currant?
P=VI
218
When a switch is first closed on an uncharged capacitor what is the current?
The current through the capacitor is 0 when the switch is first closed
219
What is Req for resistors in parallel?
R = 1/R1+1/R2 + etc
220
Is voltage difference the same across resistors in parallel or series?
Voltage difference is the same across resistors in parallel (current is the same across series)
221
Where will current flow towards when it is first turned on in a capacitor circuit?
When current is first turned on it will flow towards an uncharged capacitor
222
For what order of reaction is half life constant?
Half life is constant in a first order reaction (t1/2 = .693/k)
223
Should reactant or product absorbance be monitored in an experiment?
During a reaction, reactant decrease should be monitored
224
What is the equation that relates absorbance and concentration?
Abs = molar absorptivity (e) x concentration
225
Why does reaction rate slow near equilibrium?
As the reaction reaches equilibrium the rate slows as there are less reactants
226
Is a beta or alpha anomer more stable?
The stability of a beta vs alpha anomer depends on which one puts the hydroxyl group of the anomeric carbon in an equatorial position
227
What is unique about the structure of B-D-glucopyranose?
In B-D-glucopyranose all the substituents on the pyranose ring have equatorial orientation
228
How does a D anomer differ from an L anomer in a Hawthorne ring projection
In a D anomer C6 is up, in an L it is down
229
Is dissolving endothermic or exothermic?
Dissolving is exothermic because energy is released when water molecules form bonds with the solute
230
How is an element removed in ion-exchange?
In liquid ion-exchange the element you want to remove from water is precipitated out as a solid
231
What is an ambient stressor?
An ambient stressor is a global challenge that affects individuals on a subconscious level and are always present in one's environment and threat long-term well being
232
What does drive to reduce a physiological need account for?
An organism's drive to reduce a physiological need account for the energy of motivation but not the direction (rate or lengths it goes to to reduce)
233
What does incremental theory mean in the context of how people view themselves?
Incremental theory means that people's view can change and grow as opposed to being static
234
What is the average IQ of a 23 year old?
The average IQ of a 23 year old is 100
235
Why is a compound more acidic when the nonmetal is in its highest oxidation state?
At its highest oxidation state the atom is as electron-poor as possible
236
What is log2? What is log3?
log2 = 0.3 log3 = 0.48
237
Is an alkaline solution basic or acidic?
An alkaline solution has more hydroxide ions than hydronium ions so it is basic
238
How can a strong base and weak acid be titrated to make a buffer solution?
A strong base can be titrated with a weak acid by adding half the moles of base to the acid to convert have a of the acid to its conjugate base and make a buffer solution
239
When does pH = pKa?
pH = pKa when the concentration of base and acid are equal, or at half the volume of the equivalence point
240
What is the weak acid short cut for finding the pH given the concentration of acid and the pKa?
pH = 1/2pKa - 1/2log[HA]
241
What is the shape of the titration curve for a strong acid or base?
A strong acid or base has a sigmoidal titration curve without a lip at the beginning
242
What is the ratio of acid to base equivalents at the equivalence point?
At the equivalence point there are equal equivalents of base and acid (same moles of both)
243
What is the wavelength of a standing wave?
A standing wave is at the fundamental frequency so the wavelength is double the length of the string
244
What is the equation for the frequency of a closed tube?
f = v/4L
245
How do we detect the location of a sound?
Sound location is detected based off the time difference it takes for the sound to reach either ear
246
What is sound quality?
Sound quality refers to the number of harmonics that accompany the fundamental frequency
247
How do you increase the intensity of a sound?
To increase intensity you must increase the source of the sound
248
What are infrasonic frequencies?
Infrasonic means frequencies lower than those audible to humans
249
What is the limit of accuracy in a sound measurement
The limit of accuracy is the wavelength of the sound wave
250
Why is REM sleep also called paradoxical sleep?
REM sleep is called paradoxical sleep because it has brain waves similar to alert and active thinking stages
251
What hormone is released before sleep and what hormone is released during sleep?
Melatonin, growth hormone
252
What is counterbalancing?
Participants are assigned to different groups that interact with the stimulus in a difference way or order
253
What kind f statistic does an ANOVA test yeuld
ANOVA tests yields an F statistic
254
How is an ANOVA test described (blank x blank)?
An ANOVA test is described by the number of independent variables x the number of groups
255
What is a major aspect of the nativistic theory of language acquisition?
Language acquisition device
256
In linguistic relativity what influences the way we perceive reality?
The specific language we speak influences the way we perceive reality
257
What are equilibrium constants effected by?
Equilibrium constants are only effected by temperature
258
How many O2s do hemoglobin and myoglobin bind?
Hemoglobin binds 4 O2s, myoglobin binds 1
259
Does the amount of oxygen present increase or decrease in scuba diving?
In scuba diving the amount of oxygen present increases
260
What state is bromine most stable in
Diatomic liquid
261
What generates heat in a circuit?
Resistance generates heat in a circuit
262
Is heat absorbed or released in precipitation reactions?
In precipitation reactions heat is released
263
How many kJs are in a kcal?
4.18kJ in 1 kcal
264
What is an imine?
Nitrogen with a double bond to a carbon
265
How is an imine formed?
Imines are formed when ketones are reacted with alkyl amines
266
What is the equation for momentum?
p = mv
267
When molecules are moving faster do they collide with more or less force?
Molecules collide with more force when they are moving faster
268
What is diffusion rate proportional to?
The inverse of the square root of molecular weight
269
Does pressure of a gas depend on container shape?
The pressure exerted by a gas is independent of the shape of the container
270
The critical temperature is when a BLANK can no longer be converted to a BLANK by increasing the pressure
Gas to liquid
271
What state do supercritical fluids have the properties of?
Liquids
272
What are allotropes?
molecules of one atom that can take multiple forms at the same state
273
What is the common type of kidney stone?
Calcium salt
274
What is the expression for the frictional force acting on a block on an incline?
mgcos theta
275
What is the equation for centripetal force?
ma = v^2/r
276
At what temperature is pH + pOH = 14?
25 C
276
How do you find the amount of base to neutralize an acid?
Find the number of moles of base needed to match, taking into account the coefficients in the equation
277
What color cones are in the fovea?
Red and green cones are in the fovea
278
What is the amplitude of interfering waves at a node?
0
279
What is the relationship between the index of refraction and speed of light?
v = c/n
280
What material has a very large index of refraction?
Diamond
281
What is the property of materials to transmit light over long distances
Transparency
282
Are larger or smaller wavelengths refracted (bent) more?
Smaller waves refract more
283
Do all peas in a pod have the same genes?
No
284
Are replication forks bidirectional?
Yes
285
What has circular DNA?
Prokaryotes (bacteria), mitochondria, chloroplasts
286
Where does transcription occur?
In the nucleus
287
What are sticky ends cut by?
Restriction endonucleases
288
What is a supernatant?
The liquid formed at the top in a reaction or centrifugation, free of precipitate
289
What is the most recognizable feature of erythrocytes?
Lack a nucleus
290
What are nucleases?
Enzymes that break down nucleotides in DNA and RNA
291
Do shorter fragments go smaller or greater distances down a Northern blot?
Shorter fragments move farther down
292
What charge are acids at biological pH?
Negative
293
What forces hold an integral membrane protein at the membrane?
Hydrophobic forces
294
Do cis bonds in fatty acids make the membrane more or less fluid?
More fluid because they cannot pack as closely together
295
Do gram positive or gram negative bacteria have outer membranes?
Gram negative
296
What do both gram negative and positive bacteria have?
Cell walls with peptidoglycan
297
What do all bacteria cells share?
Cell walls!
298
Where do vesicles enter the golgi?
The cis face
299
Where is a signal peptide of a protein cleaved
In the rough ER
300
Where are proteins that stay in the cell translated?
On cytosolic ribosomes
301
Where is the free phosphate in a DNA strand
At the 5' end (top)
302
Is there ever uracil in DNA?
Yes during replication when there are RNA primers
303
What does DNA exonuclease do?
Proofreads and removes RNA at primers
304
What are reciprocal determinisms?
The idea that behavior is influenced by and influences your social environment and cognitive processes
305
What are the ABCs of attitude?
Affective (emotions and feelings), behavioral (reactions), cognitive (thoughts)
306
What is the theory of reasoned action?
An individual's intention or cognitive readiness to perform a behavior is a function of his or her attitude to become more aligned with the behavior (action affects behavior)
307
What are subjective norms?
People's opinions/beliefs on appropriate behavior in a particular situation
308
How can cognitive dissonance be reduced?
By getting new info on the problem, reducing its importance, denying the conflict or changing the conditions so the behavior stops
309
What neurotransmitters are decrease in the monoamine theory of depression?
Dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine
310
What behaviors are associated with histrionic disorders?
Attention seeking and dramatic
311
What are somatoform disorders?
Feeling physical symptoms that don't have a physical cause
312
What properties of an object effect its drag force?
The shape and size of the object
313
Is blood pressure greater at the top or bottom of the body?
Blood pressure is greater at the bottom of the body
314
Is buoyant force dependent on the density of the solution?
No since the weight of the object doesn't change the buoyant force doesn't change (B = mg - N)
315
What is the equation for time at the peak for parabolic motion?
Tapex = vi/g
316
What is the horizontal acceleration in parabolic motion?
0
317
In what kind of a solution is a substance with a high pKa mostly in its basic form?
Basic solution (deprotonates)
318
Where are drugs taken orally usually degraded?
In the liver where the compound is bio transformed and inactivated
319
What is the source of ATP's energy?
Oxidation of nutrients from food
320
Do chloride ions contribute to resting membrane potential?
No
321
What are glial cells in the central nervous system called?
Oligodendrocytes
322
What is the relationship between force and area?
P = F/A
323
At a hair cells ideal frequency is the amplitude of sound needed to elicit a response large or small?
Small
324
Are antibodies innate or acquired immunity?
Antibodies are acquired immunity because they are acquired from introduction to the antigen
325
What regulates calcium metabolism?
Parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, vitamin D3
326
What are the features of a pedigree tree for sex linked dominant disorders?
All of the daughters and none of the sons of affected males should have the trait
327
What does parathyroid hormone do?
PTH allows for calcium reabsorption from bone by stimulating osteoclasts and transiently inhibiting osteoblasts
328
What are osteoblasts and osteoclasts
Osteoblasts are bone forming cells and osteoclasts are cells that break down bone
329
What is hypotension?
Hypotension is low blood pressure
330
What happens in the thymus?
T cells mature during early development in the thymus
331
Where do B cells come from?
Bone marrow and and fetal liver produce B cells which in then produce antibodies
332
What are the three types of muscle?
Cardiac, smooth, skeletal
333
What types of cells to cytotoxic T cells target?
They kill all cells because viruses can infect any cell type
334
What is the integument?
Skin
335
What class of molecules are steroids?
Steroids are lipids
336
What is a compliment mutation?
When mutations in two separate genes work together to form a normal phenotype
337
What is an obligate parasite?
An obligate parasite is an organism that must rely on other organisms solely to survive
338
What do radioimmunoassays do?
Radioimmunoassays use antibodies to the compound of interest to separate it from a mix of compounds
339
What is hematocrit?
Hematocrit is the percentage of red blood cells
340
What element is radiolabeled to test protein
Sulfur
341
Can nucleic acids form secondary structures?
Yes- tRNA cloverleaf, stem loop, pseudoknot
342
What expresses reporter genes?
Plasmid vectors that want the plasmid to be identified in the inserted gene
343
What is a characteristic of an anti-tumor gene
Expression inhibits cell growth
344
During what phase of the cell cycle is DNA replicated?
S phase
345
What is senescence?
Senescences is when cells permanently stop dividing but don't die, sometimes because of DNA damage
346
What kind of inhibition is it if a lot of substrate gets rid of the effects?
Competitive because the substrate out competes the inhibitor
347
What kinds of agents help form disulfide bonds?
Oxidizing agents
348
What germ layer gives rise to the neural tube?
The ectoderm gives rise to the neural tube
349
Are coenzymes organic or inorganic?
Organic (things like ATP)
350
What do hydrolases do?
Hydrolases catalyze the breakdown of bonds through the addition of water
351
Are motor neurons afferent or efferent?
Motor neurons are efferent (bring info away from the spinal chord)
352
What neurotransmitter is involved in the mesolimbic pathway?
Dopamine is the MT of the mesolimbic pathway
353
What are hairpin loops for?
Hairpin loops can regulate transcription by causing the RNA polymerase to dissociate from the DNA
354
What does cAMP signal in bacteria
High levels of cAMP signal low levels of glucose and vice versa because glucose lowers the cAMP concentration
355
What RNA polymerase transcribes protein encoding genes?
RNA Polymerase II
356
What are operons?
Clusters of genes in bacteria that are controlled by a single promoter
357
What do riboenzymes do?
Riboenzymes splice unprocessed mRNA
358
What are the different types of bacterial RNA polymerase?
Bacteria only has one type of RNA polymerase
359
What does the leader sequence of an operon do?
The leader sequence can terminate transcription before RNA polymerase reaches coding genes if the molecule produced is present
360
What are polycistronic transcripts?
Polyccistronic transcripts are in prokaryotes and contain muliple start codons to translate multiple proteins
361
What is the start codon?
AUG
362
What is subliminal distraction?
Subliminal distraction is when a subtle moving stimuli in one's periphery is registered and influences perception/behavior
363
What is the James-Lange theory?
Emotions are the result of physiological responses to events (physiological --> cognitive --> emotion)
364
What is the pathway of cortisol production?
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis causes cortisol production
365
Where is the amygdala?
Each amygdala is in the temporal lobes
366
When do babies start to show preference for a caregiver?
At 4 to 6 months
367
What is secondary socialization?
Secondary socialization is when you learn the norms and behaviors of a smaller group within society
368
What type of reinforcement is avoidance learning?
Negative reinforcement where a behavior is avoided later
369
What does the peripheral route to persuation concentrate on?
The image of something or more superficial information
370
What is economic capital?
Economic capitol is the financial resources of goods and services available
371
What is quinone?
A conjugated dione benzene
372
What is the work function of a detector?
Minimum energy needed to move its electron, subtracted in energy calculations
373
How to add resistors in parallel?
1/R+1/R=1/Rt
374
At what angle is the range of a projectile maximized?
45 degrees
375
What is terminal velocity?
The constant speed an object reaches when gravity equals the resistive force (usually from air resistance)
376
What does standard deviation measure?
SD measures how far data points are from the mean, so things that are constant throughout the experiment do not affect it
377
What is the equation for range of a projectile?
R =2 sin 2 theta/g
378
What is the equation for total flight time?
t = 2voy/g (depends on velocity in the y direction only!)
379
At what two angles is range the same?
Complementary angles
380
Is traction based on static or kinetic friction?
Static because it's not sliding
381
What is free fall?
When an object moves freely because gravity is the only force (astronauts)
382
What causes the depolarization of muscle fibers?
Binding of acetylcholine triggers Na+ channels to open
383
What method does southern blot use to differentiate mutant and WT alleles?
Restriction digest that disrupts palindromic sites
384
What is kept constant in Michaelis-Menten graphs?
Enzyme concentration
385
Where does anterograde transport start and end?
Anterograde transport is from the soma to the axon terminal
386
In what form does glucose enter the mitochondrial matrix?
As pyruvate
387
What lobe is visual information processed in?
Visual information is processed in the occipital lobe
388
What cells does light first touch in the eye?
Ganglion cells
389
What is serum?
Serum is the fluid component of blood that carries nutrients around the body
390
What accumulates when a multistep reaction is blocked?
The intermediate just before the inhibited enzyme should accumulate
391
What does serotonin control?
Memory, learning, mood, appetite, sleep, sex
392
What kind of muscle regulation are cardiac and smooth muscle controlled by? Striated muscle?
Cardiac and smooth muscle are controlled by myosin-based regulation, striated (skeletal muscle is controlled by actin-based regulation
393
What muscles in the thigh oppose each other's motion?
Hamstrings and quadriceps (when one contracts the other relaxes and vice versa)
394
What is a thin contractile protein called? A thick contractile protein?
Actin, myosin
395
How does role playing affect attitude?
When a person's behavior is influenced by the position they are in it can affect their attitude about themselves or others
396
What does outcome depend on in game theory?
Outcome depends on the actions of the other players so you must take their choices into account for your strategy
397
What is the difference between proactive and reactive social movements?
Proactive social movement aim to enact change, reactive social movement resist change
398
What kind of neurotransmitter is GABA?
Inhibitory and present throughout the brain
399
What psychological method does brainwashing use?
Operant conditioning (isolation, dependency, and reward)
400
What are the social renditions of conflict theory?
Class and status disparity
401
What personality traits determine behavior in Allport's trait theory
Cardinal traits are rare but determine behavior
402
What are the waves of an alert person?
Beta
403
What is the main feature of Treisman's model
attenuation to decrease the intensity of certain stimuli
404
What is the difference between a confounding variable and a moderating variable?
a confounding variable distorts the relationship between variables, while a moderating variable affects the strength or direction of that relationship
405
What type of task is repeating words or numbers you hear?
Shadowing (not recall because don't need to remember)
406
Where is linguistic information processed?
Linguistic information is processed in the left cerebral hemisphere
407
Where is the hypothalamus?
The ventral brain (next to the pituitary gland and thalamus)
408
What physiological effect does cocaine have?
Cocaine inhibits the reuptake of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine (sometimes mimics stress)
409
What happens in instinctual drift?
In animals established habits learned with operant techniques are replaced by innate food-related behaviors
410
What are some agents of socialization?
Pop culture, school, family, religion
411
What happens to the spring constant when the number of coils increases?
The k decreases
412
How do you distinguish exponential/radical charts?
The graph curve towards the axis with the variable that changes by more each time, put the relationship into y = x to the whatever first
413
What's the equation for momentum?
p = mv
414
How do you increases the torque applied on a wheel?
Increase the distance of the lever arm
415
What is the equation for power in terms of work?
P = W/time
416
Where is ribosomal RNA synthesized?
The nucleolus
417
How do enzymes get into the nucleus?
Nuclear pores
418
How are non-standard amino acids incorporated into proteins?
They are usually incorporated into proteins as the standard amino acid and then later modified
419
Where is urea synthesized?
The liver
420
What form do antibodies often take?
Antibodies (usually bivalent) often cross-link antigen molecules into a large lattice
421
Does cholesterol increase or decrease fluidity when it is in high concentrations?
Increases fluidity
422
Why does cholesterol form plaque?
Because it is insoluble in water
423
What are the monomers of lactose?
Glucose and galactose through B1-4 glycosidic bond
424
What is the decibal formula?
10xlog(intensity)
425
How do fluorescent dyes work?
Fluorescent dyes that go into molecules of interest absorb light energy at a specific wavelength and emit a longer wavelength, producing color (even when the molecule itself does not absorb the wavelength)
426
What kind of enzyme transfers phosphate groups from ATP to target proteins?
Transferase
427
If a product of a reaction is colored what can you assume?
That the product has conjugation
428
How do you decrease steric hindrance?
Replace bulky substituents with smaller groups
429
What tends to cause dimers to dissociate?
Electrostatic repulsion
430
What is the hybridization of most transition states?
sp3
431
What is the measure variable?
The dependent variable (y axis)
432
What is a positive cooperativity hill constant?
Greater than 1
433
In what virus cycle does the virus DNA integrate into the host cell?
Lysogenic cycle
434
What amino acids have amide groups?
Glutamine and Asparagine
435
What axis is the independent variable on?
X axis
436
Are morbidity rates higher for men or women? Mortality rates?
Morbidity rates are higher for women, mortality rates are higher for men
437
What is the poverty line in the US for a family of 4?
$27,890
438
What is the common cause of conformity?
Peer pressure
439
What is the path of a cohort study?
Start with a group of healthy participants and track them over time to see who develops the disease
440
Does sex influence gender
Yes, sex is a gender characteristic
441
What is a key characteristic of stage 4 of demographic transition?
In stage 4 there is population stagnation or decline
442
What is adaptive attitude in functional attitudes theory?
When people change their beliefs about things to match what is widely accepted in a group
443
Is resolution of conflicts required in each stage of Erikson's model?
No but it is healthier
444
What are some examples of social groups?
Clubs, businesses, families, circles of friends, local religious congregations, and fraternity and sorority chapters (shared identity, interaction, sense of belonging)
445
Who is in your secondary group?
People that you interact with superficially and not for long
446
What neurotransmitters do opioids like heroin and morphine mimic?
Endorphins or the natural painkillers of the brain (sex and exercise and please)
447
What is a proximal stimulus?
A proximal stimulus is the stimulus registered by sensory receptors
448
What are false memories?
Memories that feel real but are distorted or not true
449
How is the subject's motivation state found in operant conditioning?
Negative punishment- deprivation
450
Should controlled factors be adjusted for statistically?
No bc they've already been accounted for
451
What is incentive theory?
The incentive theory says that factors in community and culture can motivate behavior
452
What's the difference between social and cultural capital?
Social capital is about network and relationships while cultural capital is about education, language, social norms, appearance
453
James-Lange Theory?
Trigger (snake) --> Physical change (heart pounding) --> Emotion (fear)
454
Cannon-Bard Theory?
Trigger (snake) --> simultaneously physical change (heart pounding) and emotion (fear)
455
Schachter-Singer?
Trigger (snake) --> simultaneously physical change (hear pounding) and cognitive label (I'm scared) --> emotion (fear)
456
What is the intensity threshold of sound that causes pain?
120 dB
457
What are nociceptors?
Nerve endings in skin, joints, muscle that detect pain and send signals to the brain
458
What part of the body perceives motion and acceleration?
The vestibular system of the ear (semicircular canals. utricle/horizontal, saccule/vertical)
459
What causes action potentials in hair cells?
Bending of stereocilia attached to the tectorial membrane
460
What happens in the formal operational stage
13-25 years, children can understand the perspectives of others
461
What happens in the concrete operational stage?
7-11 years, Children think rationally and logically, have conservation skills
462
What happens in the pre-operational stage?
4-7 years, children use symbols to represent things, pretend play
463
What does SDS-PAGE separate proteins by?
SDS-PAGE separates proteins by mass
464
What does affinity chromatography separate proteins by?
Affinity chromatography separates proteins by interaction with a specific ligand
465
What does isoelectric focusing separate proteins by?
pH at which the molecule has no charge (isoelectric point)
466
What enzyme is used in gluconeogensis and glycogenolysis?
Glucose 6-phosphatase
467
What is glycogenolysis?
Glycogen breakdown
468
What is gluconeogenesis
Creating glucose from non-carbohydrate sources (amino acids, lactate, glycerol)
469
What are some starting materials in gluconeogenesis?
lactate, ocalocaetate, alpha ketoglutarate, pyruvate
470
What are the units of Farad?
Coulomb's/Volt
471
What does an uncompettive inhibitor do to Vmax and Km?
Decreases Vmax, decreases Km
472
What is molar ratio?
Molar fraction: x = ni/ntotal
473
How do anion exchange columns work?
In anion exchange columns molecules are separated by charge as negative molecules are attracted to the positive resin, then a counter ion is added to elude the molecule
474
How is a protein prepared for SDS-PAGE?
The protein is denatured in the detergent so it forms a linear chain that is then separated by size and negative charge
475
What is mixed inhibition?
When the inhibitor can bind to the enzyme or the enzyme substrate complex
476
What does pull down of a protein mean?
The pull-down assay which isolates a specific protein from a mixture
477
Where is cytochrome c and what does it do?
Cytochrome c acts in the mitochondrial membrane where is shuttles electrons one at a time
478
Is the pellet or the supernatant solid/more dense?
The pellet
479
What is the average molecular weight of an amino acid?
110 Da
480
How many reduced electron carriers are made in the citric acid cycle?
4 (3 NADH, 1 FADH2)
481
What is the equation for the efficiency of an enzyme?
efficiency = kcat/Km = Vmax/Km[E]
482
How can data show independent pathways?
If blocking one pathway still leads to products of the other pathway
483
What synthesizes RNA primers in DNA replication?
Primase
484
What processes make up endogenous glucose production?
Glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
485
What enzyme catalyzes the breakdown of glycogen?
Glycogen phosphorylase
486
What are the two consequence types in functionalism?
Manifest and latent
487
What kind of sensory cells are in the cochlear ganglia?
Bipolar and unipolar cells
488
What does a study limitation mean?
A study limitation is a shortcoming in the design of the experiment that affects interpretation of results or generalizability of the findings
489
What is the purpose of the test phase?
To help participants understand the format, content and expectations of the experiment so these things are controlled for
490
What do hallucinogens do?
Hallucinogens block neural circuits that use serotonin, disrupting the prefrontal cortex
491
What is intersectionality?
Intersectionality is how identity categories (like race/ethnicity) play a role in systems of social stratification (ie social class)
492
What is the looking glass self?
When your idea of yourself is influenced by how you think other people see you, leads to internalization
493
How does fMRI measure changes in brain activity?
By tracking oxygenated blood flow in the parts of the brain
494
What do CT scans measure?
Xray so bones
495
What sleep stage do spindle fibers occur in?
2
496
What does the cerebellum control?
Balance, coordination, motor functions
497
What does the nucleus accumbens control?
Reward, pleasure, ADDICTION, pain
498
What does the amygdala do?
Processes emotions and identifies threats
499
What is place theory?
Place theory says that we can hear different pitches because sound waves trigger activity at different places on the cochlea's basilar membrane
500
What do exchange and rational choice theory have in common?
They assume people are logical and make decisions based on what will bring them personal gain
501
What is a common evolutionary stressor?
Lack of resources, specifically food
502
When do infants start expressing stranger anxiety?
8 months
503
How does reliability differ from generalizability?
Reliability is about how consistent the studies or tools results are, generalizability is how applicable the results are to the broader population
504
What hormones are derived from tryptophan?
Serotonin and melatonin
505
What hormones are derived from tyrosine?
Catecholamines- epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine
506
What is the difference between conformity and compliance?
Conformity is when you change your behavior to fit the group but compliance is when you agree when someone requests something from you
507
What is the function of the lingual gyrus?
Processing letters while reading
508
What is rationalization?
A defense mechanism where you create justifications for behavior
509
What is the Zeigarnik effect?
The observation that uncompleted or interrupted tasks are remembered better than completed ones
510
What is rosy retrospection
Remembering the past as better than it really was
511
How do fungi reproduce?
Spores (sexually or asexually)
512
When does the centromere split in meiosis?
Anaphase II
513
What is the force driving fluids through the glomerulus?
Blood pressure
514
What does increasing blood pressure do to reabsorption in the kidneys?
Decreases reabsorption because fluid flow has increased
515
What factors determine blood pressure?
Cardiac output (stroke volume x heart rate) and resistance to blood flow
516
What happens to blood flow to muscles during exercise?
Blood flow increases via vasodilation
517
What do you need to have an independent variable?
Manipulation from the experimenter
518
Do people using the peripheral route of persuasion have the ability to form general or specific impressions?
They only have the ability to form general impressions
519
What personality disorders are similar?
BPD, narcissistic personality disorder, histrionic, antisocial personality disorder
520
When do you use reinforcement vs punishment?
Reinforcement when you want to increase the frequency of a behavior, punishment when you want to decrease it
521
What's another way to say antisocial personality disorder?
Sociopath (lack of emotion, impulsive)
522
What is Korsakoff's syndrome?
Memory disorder caused by thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency
523
What is anticipatory socialization?
Anticipatory socialization is the process by which individuals prepare for future roles by learning the values and standards of a new group
524
What is syncope?
Fainting
525
What is paternalistic stereotype?
When you view a group as warm but not competent, pity
526
What are prostaglandins derived from?
Arachidonic acid (20 carbons and 1 5 carbon ring)
527
Where is the carbonyl stretching IR frequency?
1700-1750 cm-1
528
Where is the -OH stretching IR frequency?
3200-3500 cm-1
529
Where is the conjugated C=C stretching IR frequency?
1500-1600 cm-1
530
What are the glucorticoids?
cortisol, corticosterone, cortisone
531
What do stress hormones do to glucose?
Raise blood sugar levels by triggering the liver to release glucose
532
Are bacteria prokaryotes or eukaryotes?
Bacteria are prokaryotes
533
What is the composition of good primers in PCR?
High GC content and CG bases in 3' and 5'
534
What phase does nondisjunction occur in?
Anaphase 1
535
What form of DNA can be transcribed
Euchromatin
536
What model describes the visuospatial sketchpad and phonological loop?
Baddeley's working memory model
537
What do you need for a true comparison
Random assignment to experimental groups (not always possible)
538
What did Galton believe about intelligence?
That it had a biological and hereditary basis
539
What did Binet say about mental age?
A child's mental age is defined by the hardest tasks they can do
540
What is Spearmen's idea of general intelligence?
general intelligence, or the "g factor", is a general mental ability that underlies multiple specific skills, or "s factors"
541
What is the me in Mead's theory of identity
The me is the part of the self formed in interaction with others
542
What is Freud's sublimation?
Channeling unacceptable impulses into socially constructive pursuits
543
What is Freud's reaction formation?
a defense mechanism in which people express the opposite of their true feelings
544
What is iconic memory
Type of sensory memory that stores visual information for a second
545
What are neuroleptics?
Antipsychotics that block dopamine receptors
546
What are atypical antipsychotics
Second generation antipsychotics that have fewer side effects bc they are serotonin/dopamine agonists
547
How do positive ions affect DNA?
Positive ions stabilize DNA by shielding the repulsion between phosphate groups in the backbone
548
What do lacteals do?
Absorb digested fats in the small intestine
549
What does adipose tissue do?
Adipose tissue is connective tissue that stores fat for insulation and energy
550
What is transitional epithelium?
Tissue that can be stretched, makes up the bladder and urinary tract
551
What is pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium?
Makes up the epithelium of the respiratory tract and removes particulates
552
What makes a study correlational?
When the researcher doesn't control or manipulate the independent variable?
553
What is the best test of retention of learning?
Recognition
554
What biological changes in neurons are associated with Alzheimer's
buildup of neurofibrillary tau tangles inside neurons and amyloid plaques outside neurons
555
What are the two options for pairing a conditioned and unconditioned stimulus
Forward and delay conditioning
556
What brain area stores implicit memory? What forms and retrieves it?
Cerebellum, basal ganglia
557
What is the Hawthorne effect?
When people change their behavior because they know they are being observed
558
Where does energy come from in red blood cells?
Glycolysis because RBCs don't have organelles
559
Where does the lymphatic system drain to
excess fluid is returned to the blood in the venous system
560
What forms does oxygen exist in in the blood?
Dissolved and bound to hemoglobin
561
How do you increase the amount of product at equilibrium?
Do anything that shifts the equilibrium right
562
What's the differences between non-reducing and native SDS-Page
Non-reducing separates any subunits that are not linked by disulfide bonds, native doesn't separate any subunits
563
How many NADH are needed to reduce a disulfide bonds?
1
564
What is eluded fastest in anion exchange when the liquid is pored through?
Something less negative/protein with less negative amino acids
565
What binds to the column in anion exchange?
Negatively charged things
566
What is the equation for catalytic efficiency?
kcat/Km
567
What is the equation for Kcat
kcat = Vmax/[E]
568
When does pyruvate kinase act?
In glycolysis converting PEP+ADP into pyruvate+ATP
569
Is PEP reduced?
No it is so high energy, it's oxidized
570
Where is sound the fastest?
In solids!!
571
What is purification yield?
How much enzyme activity is retained in a purified sample (final units/total units)
572
What does a smaller y-intercept mean on a line weaver burk?
Higher Vmax so more active (higher kcat)
573
What is characteristic of an ordered mechanism?
In an ordered mechanism substrates bind to the enzyme in a specific order
574
What kind of bond are disulfide bonds?
Covalent
575
What shape on a graph does a cooperative process take?
Sigmodial
576
Stick to the question?
Stick to the question
577
How are standing waves produced?
when two waves of the same frequency and amplitude are moving in opposite directions and interfere with each other
578
What causes nodes?
When waves interfere destructively or theres a fixed/closed point
579
What about the wave stays the same when it travels through different mediums?
Its frequency
580
What is log10(2)?
0.3
581
What is pitch related to?
Frequency
582
Is sound frequency effected by sound speed?
No, frequency stays constant
583
How are antibodies recognized by the body producing them?
By their heavy chains
584
Why does myoglobin only have one binding site of O2?
Because it has no quaternary structure
585
What neurotransmitters are associated with depression?
Serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine
586
Where does the urea cycle occur and what does it use?
The urea cycle occurs in the liver and uses bicarbonate
587
What is angiogenesis?
The growth of new blood vessels, allows more blood flow to tumors
588
When does crystallization occur?
When a supersaturated solution is perturbed
589
What do lyases cleave?
C=C bonds
590
What is autophagy?
Autophagy is when cells break down and recycle their parts
591
How do negative strand RNA viruses synthesize proteins?
RNA dependent RNA polymerase synthesizes mRNA transcripts which are then translated
592
What does areolar tissue do?
Areolar tissue is loose connective tissue that binds epithelium to underlying structures
593
What is a polylinker site/multiple cloning site?
Site that can be cut to introduce genes to be cloned because contains many restriction enzyme sites
594
What produces trypsin?
Pancreatic exocrine cells
595
What binds to promoter sites?
RNA polymerase and transcription factors
596
Where is mucus found?
Mucus lines the lungs, sinuses, mouth, stomach, and intestines
597
What is mucus made?
Polysaccharides so it cannot be digested by the enzymes in the stomach
598
What is the central atom of heme?
Iron
599
What does hepatic relate to?
The liver
600
What's the difference between primary and secondary active transport?
Primary active transport directly uses energy from ATP, secondary active transport uses energy stored in a electrochemical gradient created by primary transport
601
What are stored triglycerides broken down into and by what?
Stored triglycerides are broken down by lipase to produce glycerol and free fatty acids
602
When is CCK stimulated?
When fats and proteins are in the small intestine after a meal
603
What does insulin do to gluconeogenesis and lipolysis?
Insulin inhibits gluconeogenesis and lipolysis
604
What can cause stomach ulcers?
Bacteria or bile in the stomach
605
What does insulin do to fat in the body?
Insulin takes fat from the vascular system after digestion and facilitates its uptake into adipose tissue
606
What are parietal cells?
Epithelial cells in the stomach that produce hydrochloric acid (HCl) and intrinsic factor (for B12)
607
What is the difference between interstitial fluids and lymph?
Lymph is a part of the immune system and is made of white blood cells, interstitial fluid removes transports nutrients and removes waste from cells
608
Which vitamins are fat soluble?
A, D, E, K
609
What moves blood in the veins?
Blood in the veins is moved by squeezing the skeletal muscles because veins do not have a muscular layer like arteries
610
What are lymphocytes?
T lymphocytes (destroy foreign cells) and B lymphocytes (produce antibodies)
611
Who studies self image?
Thomas Kuhn
612
What is another term for bystander effect?
Bystander apathy (apathy means lack of interest, enthusiasm or concern)
613
What does down regulation mean?
Downregulation is a decrease in a cell component in response to an external variable
614
What is behavioral retention?
How well the behavior is remembered
615
What are Howard Gardner's 5 intelligences?
Linguistic, interpersonal, logical-mathematical, intrapersonal, naturalistic
616
What is Lev Vygotsky's theory of development?
Lev Vygotsky proposed that a child should internalize their culture's values and attitudes so that they become a part of the child's moral behavior
617
What is priming and what kind of memory is it?
Priming is when a previous experience influences your memory without you being consciously aware of it, it is long term implicit memory
618
What is iconic memory?
Type of sensory memory that stores visual information for a second
619
What are the stages of the general adaptation syndrome?
Alarm, resistance (long), exhaustion
620
What is the stress generation hypothesis?
The idea that individuals with certain vulnerabilities are more likely to exhibit behaviors and thinking that leads to stressful situations
621
What is processed in parallel?
Information on space, time and frequency of events is automatically processed in parallel
622
Where is language processed?
LEFT HEMISPHERE EEE
623
What is social learning theory?
Bandura, say's people learn behaviors by watching others
624
What is the generalized other?
The idea that we can understand other's expectations and perspectives
625
What is the bourgeoisie in conflict theory?
The bourgeoisie are the owners of production, in conflict with the proletariat/working class
626
What is pluralism?
Pluralisms is diverse cultures beings separate and equal
627
What is conflict theory concerned with?
Conflict theory is concerned with power, class, macrosociology, humans as rationally motivated beings and competition for resources between classes
628
What's the difference between institutions and organizations?
Organizations have a shared goal and tend to be within institutions
629
What does conflating mean in the context of an experiment
Conflating factors means using a variable to measure something that's actually a different idea (ex ethical for healthy)
630
What is vicarious punishment and what theory is it in?
In observational learning people experience vivacious rewards or punishments causing them to alter their behavior as if they experienced it themselves
631
What's the difference between a primary and secondary reinforcer?
A primary reinforcer is a biological incentive like food, drink, sex and secondary reinforcer is conditioned like money or grades
632
What kinds of neurons can regenerate?
Hippocampal neurons, olfactory neurons, hypothalamus neurons
633
Which statistical tests account for variability within groups?
Anova (f) and t tests
634
Symptoms of PTSD
long term nightmares, hyperarousal, flashbacks, emotional numbing, loss of interest
635
What is the differential association theory?
Criminal or anti norm techniques/attitudes/motives are learned through social interactions
636
What are positive sanctions?
Rewards given for conforming to norms
637
What is the removal of something positive called
Negative punishment
638
What's the difference between social stratification and social mobility?
In social stratification people are separated into groups in mobility a person can shift from one class level to another
639
What is the difference between a between-subject study and within-subject study
In between-subject studies participants are randomly assigned to one condition, in within-subject all participants do all the conditions
640
What techniques help to transfer information into long term memory?
Elaborative rehearsal, maintenance rehearsal, chunking
641
What is role exit?
When an individual stops engaging in a role previously central to their identity and begins the process of establishing a new identity.
642
What does constructionist theory emphasize?
That knowledge is socially constructed and that humans actively and continuously create knowledge through their interactions
643
What is the spontaneous/active/unsocialized self in Meade's theory
The I
644
Can longitudinal studies be causational?
No unless its experimental instead of observational
645
What is characteristic of schizoid personality disorder?
lifelong pattern of disinterest in social relationships and emotional coldness
646
What are the stages of culture shock?
honeymoon, negotiation, adjustment, acceptance
647
What is fluid intelligence?
the ability to think logically and solve problems without relying on previously acquired knowledge
648
What does ogliospermia mean?
Low sperm count
649
What does a bradford essay measure?
concentration of protein in a solution
650
What do antibody levels do after a vaccination?
Increase and then decrease over time
651
What is a structure of a phospholipid and what do they do in the body?
Two fatty acids ester linked to a glycerol plus a charged head group, make up cell membranes
652
What is the structure of a neutral fat and what do they do in the body?
Three fatty acids ester linked to a glycerol, store lipids
653
What is the structure of a sphingomyelin and what do they do in the body?
Two fatty acids ester linked to a sphingosine plus a charged head group, insulate myelin sheaths
654
What is the structure of a ceramide and what do they do in the body?
Three fatty acids ester linked to a sphingosine, cell signaling
655
What kind of lens has a negative focal point?
Diverging lens
656
What kind of image has a negative di
Virtual image
657
When does a diverging lens produce a reduced image
When the object is outside the focal length
658
What are transposon?
Transposon are segments of chromosomes that can change their position
659
Where does blood with absorbed nutrients from the small intestine go?
To the liver to be detoxified
660
What are kinetochores?
Proteins that are on centromeres of chromosomes and can attach icrotubules
661
What does the diathesis stress model explain?
mental disorders as a result of an interaction between a pre-existing vulnerability ("diathesis") and environmental stressors ("stress")
662
When can a converging lens focus an object closest to it?
When the image is at the focal length (farthest image when the image is farthest from the focal length)
663
What does the prefix M refer to?
Mega 10^6
664
What is the relationship between Ka and Kd?
Ka = 1/Kd
665
What color light to red substance absorb?
Green light
666
What is the rise per turn in a alpha helix
3.6 amino acid residues per turn
667
What is the hydrogen bonding pattern for a pi turn?
i H bonded to i+5
668
What is the unit of columbs in terms of other variables?
Amps/sec
669
What is the increase in the length opening of a slit with temperature? The width?
∆L = La∆T, ∆D = Da∆T
670
When do electrons start jumping into empty d orbitals?
In 4s when a 3d becomes available
671
What makes up the testes?
Seminiferous tubules (sertoli cells/sperm production) and interstitium (leydig cells/testosterone production)
672
How do ova get into the fallopian tube?
The ovaries release them into the abdomen and finger projections on the tubes grab them
673
What inhibits FSH and LH?
Progesterone and estrogen in combination
674
What do antibody levels do after a vaccination?
Increase and then decrease over time
675
What does thyroxine do?
T4 controls metabolic rate (how much energy the cell uses)
676
How can a sequence be palindromic (for restriction enzymes)?
If the same sequence from 5' to 3' is in the strand and the complementary strand (ex 5' GAATTC)
677
What does plasmin do?
Plasmin degrades plasma proteins like those found in blood clots
678
What's the simplest type of eukaryote?
Protozoan
679
What is a paralog gene?
a gene encoding similar proteins with unrelated functions in the same species
680
What are spindle fibers made of?
Microtubules
681
Where are clotting enzymes made?
The liver
682
What are platelets fragments of?
Megakaryocytes which are large bone marrow cells
683
Where are lipids synthesized?
Smooth ER (cytosolic face)
684
What non-cascade hormones does the hypothalamus produce?
Somatostatin, dopamine, oxytocin, vasopressin
685
What are the steroid hormones?
Estrogen, testosterone, aldosterone, cortisol
686
What does immunohistochemistry do?
Stains structures to show specific proteins in tissue
687
What is increasing magnitude order for microscopes
Light (largest items) > transmission electron > confocal
688
What is culture lag?
The tendency of material culture to evolve faster than symbolic culture
689
What are the three things to know about symbolic interactionism?
1) humans are social beings
2)humans take an active role in their situation
3) humans communicate their goals through common symbolic language
690
In what society stage does birth rate and mortality rate drop?
Stage 3
691
What is a positive check in Malthusian theory?
Positive checks are factors that control population growth by increasing mortality rates
692
What is the life course perspective?
Early life evenets and development affect later health outcomes, generational cohorts can share some early life experiences
693
What is the interaction effect?
A situation where the impact of a independent variable on the DV depends on another variable
694
What are distinct behaviors likely to be attributed to?
Situation
695
What is resource mobilization theory?
The use of resources and strategies for social movements to achieve their goals
696
What emotional disorders are associated with sleep disturbances?
Depression and anxiety
697
How can independent variables interact?
The effect of one independent variable can depend on the level of another independent variable
698
What is vitamin B6 a precursor to?
Pyridozal phosphate
699
What is another name for vitamin C?
Ascorbic acid
700
What does a lower specific heat indicate?
It takes less energy to change the temperature, so is very susceptible to temperature changes
701
How do you find the resistance overall when the wire has a resistance and their is a resistor?
Add the two
702
Where does blood move the slowest
Capilaries (large cross sectional area but very narrow causing resistance)
703
Where should light be focused by the lens to get a clear image?
On the fovea
704
When can a lens produce no image?
in a converging lens when the object is at the focal point
705
How do you approximate sin of a specific angle?
How close is it to 90 degrees (1) or 0 (0)
706
What is the force of body weight?
F= mg
707
What is the difference between an imine and an enamine?
Imine is the ketone form (N=C), enamine is the enol form (C=C, NH)
708
What's the difference between exogonic and exothermic?
Exogonic means (-)∆G, which does not always mean exothermic -∆H
709
What is the density of water?
1g/cm3 or 1kg/m3
710
What is log2? log3?
0.3, .47
711
Galactose is what epimer of glucse?
C4
712
What charge are acidic amino acids?
Negative
713
What's acetic vs formic acid?
Acetic acid has a CH3 group, formic has a group, both one carbon carboxylic acids
714
What is NaBH4 used for?
To reduce functional groups like ketones, imines, aldehydes
715
What is the ending of the name with a triple bond?
-yne
716
What reflex arc controls blood pressure?
Baroreceptor reflect arc
717
What is the light we see as the color of an object?
The reflected wavelength, which is opposite to the absorbed wavelength
718
When does nondisjunction occur?
Meiosis anaphase I or II
719
Are polar bodies haploid or diploid?
Haploid
720
What gas is most soluble in blood?
CO2
721
What are the two equations for the bicarbonate buffer reaction?
CO2 + H2O --> H2CO3 --> H+ +HCO3- (bicarb)
722
What does a Hill coefficient of 1 mean?
Binding of ligands occurs independently
723
What does a sigmodial curve indicate?
Cooperative binding
724
What does albumin do?
Albumin maintains fluid balance between tissues and plasma
725
What is the UV light range?
100-400nm
726
What does inclusive fitness favor?
Genes of those who reproduce a lot or help keep relatives alive
727
What is anarchy?
a state where individuals disregard and violate the laws of society
728
How does attenuation alter intensity?
If something is unconsciously attenuated it might be perceived but at a much lower intensity
729
When do controlled processes become automatic?
When the thing has been practice enough
730
What does activity theory suggest about the lives of elderly people?
That they desire to remain involved in as many activities but the nature of those activities changes
731
What is a culturally specific timetable for life called?
Social clock
732
What is the main difference between a state religion and a theocracy?
In a theocracy the God is thought to be the main ruler whereas the state just promotes the religion in a state religion
733
What is the sensitivity of the test?
The tests ability to identify true positives, calculated by the true positives / (true positives + false negatives)
734
What is the specificity of the test?
The tests ability to identify true negatives, calculated by true negatives / (true negatives + false negatives)
735
What drug causes the suppression of cerebellar activity?
Alcohol
736
In what stage is there muscle atonia?
In REM when there isn't muscle movement other than eye movement
737
What does Brofenbreener's model describe?
The different environmental systems that impact an individual
738
What are Horney's ways to cope with anxiety?
Compliance, aggression, withdrawl
739
What is metacognition?
The ability to reflect on your own thoughts and emotions
740
Who controls land in a feudal society?
A small ruling class
741
Where are the two main cdk/cyclin checkpoints?
G1 and G2, need cyclin-cdk complex to be phosphorylated, can be blocked by p53, p21, Rb
742
What is the starting reaction in the pentose phosphate pathway?
glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
743
What makes the circulatory system closed?
Blood being confined to a network of vessels and flowing unidirectionally
744
What is the deepest layer of skin (made of fats)?
The subcutaneous layer or hypodermis
745
What do germ cells differentiate into?
Gametes
746
What is the purpose of cytokines?
Cytokines allow immune cells to communicate and coordinate inflammatory responses
747
Where do transcription factors bind?
TFs bind to enhancers and promoters
748
What are cis-regulatory elements?
Stretches of DNA that control genes on the same strand they're on
749
What protective layer is often outside of the cell wall?
Glycocalyx network
750
What is the magnetic quantum number?
The orbital orientation/subtype (3rd)
751
When do MTOCs form?
MTOCs replicate in S phase
752
What is vital capacity
the maximum amount of air a person can exhale after inhaling as much as possible
753
What type of memory is a flashbulb memory?
Episodic
754
What are the stages of general adaptation syndrome?
Alarm, resistance, exaustion
755
What can someone with theory of mind do?
Contextualize the behavior of other people within that person's mindset
756
What tests theory of mind?
The false belief task
757
What is Henry's law?
Partial pressure of gas = Henry's constant x gas concentration
758
What is the Michaelis-Menten equation?
V0=Vmax[S]/Km+[S]
759
What are the three faramagnetic materials?
Fe, Ni, and Co
760
What is the H NMR shift for a phenolic hydrogen?
9-10 ppm
761
What is the H NMR shift for a vinyl hydrogen?
6-7 ppm
762
What is the H NMR shift for an aldehyde H?
9-10 ppm
763
What is the neutral electron configuration for Cu? Chr?
4s1 3d10, 4s1 3d5
764
What is a zone of inhibition?
a circular area around the spot of the antibiotic in which the bacteria colonies do not grow
765
What is the H NMR shift for an acetyl group?
3-4ppm
766
What is the definition of mechanical advantage for an object moving up an incline?
Ratio of mg to applied force to move the object up
767
What factors do thermometers measure temperature on?
Coefficient of thermal expansion and the capillary effect
768
What does mass spectrum measure?
Mass to charge ratio
769
What role do functional analogs play in protein labeling?
They can serve to react with whatever unreacted compound is left so you only get a measure of the reactive enzyme
770
What type of filaments give the cell and the nucleus structure?
Intermediate microfilaments
771
What nervous system controls erections? ejaculations?
Parasympathetic nervous system, sympathetic nervous system
772
Where does filtrate get more concentrated?
Collecting duct
773
How is CO2 transported in the body?
Dissolved in the blood, as bicarbonate ion or with hemoglobin
774
What does vitamin D do in the kidney?
Increases calcium reabsorption
775
At what part of the circulatory system can water diffuse in?
Capillaries
776
What amino acid are thyroid hormones derived from?
Tyrosine
777
Are viruses diploid or haploid?
Haploid (only have one copy of genes)
778
Is blood pressure in the arms higher or lower when lying down?
Higher in the arms because blood from the bottom moves up
779
Who's theory is the nativistic theory of language?
Chomsky
780
What type of memory does decay theory describe?
Short term and sensory memory where only a trace of the memory is left
781
What hormones does the hypothalamus produce but not release?
Hormones released by the posterior pituitary- oxytocin and vasopressin
782
Where is Wernickle's area?
Left temporal lobe
783
Where is adrenocorticotropic hormone released from?
Anterior pituitary
784
What does labeling theory say about behavior?
Labeling theory says that people see themselves though the label and this can increase the labeled behavior
785
What are social constructs?
Mutually agreed upon understandings of tangible (money) and intangible (justice) phenomena in society
786
What is test-retest reliability?
The degree of correlation between tests administered to the same individuals at two time points
787
What is discrimination in learning?
The ability to tell apart different stimuli
788
How do you activate a carboxylic acid so it can be replaced by a weaker leaving group?
React with PCl3 or anhydride to get an activated acyl
789
What is the work done by static friction?
W = µNx
790
What is a first resonance frequency?
The largest frequency with the natural max oscillation amplitude, fundamental frequency
791
What are common non conservational forces
friction, air resistance, water drag, and any applied push or pull force
792
What shape does resonance frequency take on a chart?
Sine curve
793
What is the equation for frequency of oscillation of a spring?
1/2pi√K/M
794
What kind of acid is H2SO4?
Strong
795
What are strong reducing agents typically?
Hydrides
796
What do combustion reaction typically release?
Energy in the form of heat and light
797
Describe a Gringard reaction?
the addition of an organomagnesium halide (Grignard reagent) to a ketone or aldehyde, to form a tertiary or secondary alcohol
798
What is molar heat capacity?
Heat/change in temperature
799
Archimedes principle?
If buoyant force is greater than the weight of the object it will float
800
Where are hydrogen bonds formed in beta sheets?
between backbone carbonyl oxygen of one amino acid on one strand and the amide nitrogen of another amino acid on an adjacent strand
801
What is affinity chromatography?
A way to selectively separate a molecule by binding it to an immobilized agent (antibody, DNA, enzyme, etc)
802
What are some examples of non canonical base pairing?
Hoogesteen base pairs, wobble base paires. G-U base pairs
803
What is the relationship between force and velocity in Lorentz equation?
Lorentz force F=qvB is always perpendicular to velocity
804
What does HCl and heat signal?
An elimination reaction (H20 usually removed across a bond to make a double bond)
805
What is a furane? a pyranose?
Furanose = 6 membered ring with 1 O, pyranose = 5 membered ring with 1 O
806
What do Sn1/E1 reactions prefer protic solvents?
A protic solvent can stabilize the carbocation intermediate
807
What is the relationship between flow rate and radius as described by Pousielle's law?
Flow rate is proportional to radius to the fourth
808
What are the two versions of the power equation in a circuit?
P=VI, P=V^2/R
809
What does electrophoresis mimic?
Electrophoresis acts like an electrolytic cell
810
What is 1/8?
0.125
811
Is the cathode or anode positive in an electrolytic cell? What does this mean?
The anode is positive in an electrolytic cell, meaning it has higher electric potential
812
What are the endocrine functions of the pancreas compared to the exocrine functions?
The endocrine functions are the islets synthesis of insulin and glucagon while the exocrine functions are release of digestive enzymes
813
What is the hydrogen bonding pattern in a alpha helix?
i+4
814
Why are viruses considered obligate parisites?
Because they cannot reproduce without the host cell's machinery
815
What are bacteriophage?
Bacteriophage are viruses that infects and destroys bacteria
816
How do bacteria mutate to avoid antibiotics?
They usually mutate to make an enzyme that prevents death by whatever the antibiotic is causing
817
What's the difference between class I and II transposons?
Class 1 transposons copy and paste genetic info using reverse transcriptase, class 2 cut and paste using transposase enzyme
818
What type of regulation occurs to oxytocin during childbirth and breastfeeding?
Positive regulation- oxytocin stimulates the pituitary gland to release more oxytocin
819
What is the main hormone in the parasympathetic nervous system?
Acetylcholine is the main hormone in the parasympathetic nervous system
820
What are two questions to ask when considering a moderating variable?
Does the moderator change the strength of a relationship? does it explain under what conditions the relationship is stronger or weaker?
821
What direction is mRNA synthesized in?
5' to 3' (reversed direction from the template)
822
Do stop codons code for amino acids?
No, just signal to terminate translation
823
What kind of molecule cleaves a disulfide linkage?
A reductant (GSSG)
824
What's the difference between in vivo and PCR primers?
In vivo RNA primers are used, in PCR DNA primers are used
825
What are steroid hormones derived from?
Cholesterol
826
How does homologus recombination repair DNA?
Homologous recombination repairs double stranded breaks by using an undamaged strand as a template for repair
827
What happens in opsonization?
Antibodies bind to and recognize antigens on a pathogen, triggering macrophages
828
What does bile help absorb from the small intestine?
Lipid soluble things
829
What's a common way to increase the validity of an experiment
Control outside variables- randomization of groups
830
What does fever indicate?
Infection/activation of the immune system
831
What increases the rate of the TCA cycle?
ADP
832
What type of joint allows for a lot of movement?
Synovial joints allow movement (more than cartilage)
833
What happens if a neuron cannot repolarize after an action potential?
If the neuron stays depolarized it cannot send another action potential
834
What form is the iron of hemoglobin in?
Fe (II)
835
What is the path of fatty acids after the intestine?
Fatty acids are absorbed by intestinal lacteals and enter the lymphatic system
836
What kind of amino acids make up a nuclear export signal?
Hydrophobic residues
837
What are the two reasons you pick a drug?
It works on your target but does not disrupt the normal cells
838
Does reverse transcriptase make single or double stranded DNA?
Double stranded DNA
839
What produce platelets ?
Megakaryocytes
840
What part of the immune system are CD4+ T cells in?
Cell-mediated immunity
841
Where are sensory/afferent tracks in the spinal cord?
On the dorsal/back side
842
What direction does a ribosome read an mRNA in?
mRNA is read in the 5' to 3' direction by a ribosome
843
What do conditioned stimuli start as?
Neutral stimuli
844
What is a status that you obtain based on merit?
Achieved status
845
What is cultural globalization?
Expansion of cultural values and practices internationally
846
What is characteristic of peripheral messages?
Emotional appeals or interpersonal appeals
847
How do conformity and groupthink differ?
"conformity" refers to the act of changing one's behavior to fit in with a group, while "groupthink" specifically describes a flawed decision-making process where a group prioritizes harmony and consensus over critical thinking
848
What are the two types of processing?
Automatic (simple and familiar tasks) and controlled (new and advanced tasks)
849
What is the main symptom of persistant depressive disorder?
Dysthymia
850
What are the two versions of opponent process theory?
Color detection and drug additction (pleasure and withdrawl)
851
What brain area is responsisble for sound localiation?
Superior olives
852
What brain area is responsible for startle reflex and vestibul-ocular reflex?
Inferior colliculus
853
What does non-declarative memory encompass?
Procedural memory, priming, conditioned responses
854
What is somnambulism and in which sleep stage does it occur?
Sleep walking, stage 3
855
What is a script?
Mental shortcuts based on past experiences that help people navigate a situation
856
What is conventional morality focused on?
Society and its ability to function
857
What kind of movement does the basal ganglia control?
Smooth movement coordination
858
What is a limen?
A threshold below which a stimulus is not percieved
859
What brain system controls balance?
Vestibular system
860
What is the effect of cortisol on memory?
Excess cortisol can impair encoding and recalling memories from the hippocampus and diverts hippocampal energy to the muscles
861
What is a key characteristic of sects of religions?
Religious sects are usually not integrated into society
862
What kind of study looks at subjective elements of people's experiences?
A phenomenological study collects narratives and looks at individual perspectives of an experience
863
What is gender identity defined as?
Gender identity is the personal expereince of one's gender
864
Self concept
?
Self concept refers to the beliefs one holds about oneself
865
What is a variable that only has two categories called?
Dichotomous variables only have two categories
866
How often are rewards given in a continuous reinforcement schedule?
A continuous reinforcement schedule gives one reward per response (not fixed or variable ratio or interval)
867
What brain area is responsible for emotion?
Amygdala in the limbic system
868
What is a variable that can change the way results are interpreted?
Confounding variable can change the way the results are interpreted
869
What is self-monitoring?
Self monitoring is trying to understand how people perceive your actions
870
Do stereotypes deal with expecations or realities of behaviors
Stereotypes deal with expectations
871
In what demographic stage are birth and death rates low
Post industrial
872
What does instictive drift typically get in the way of?
Instinctive drift usually affects operant conditioning
873
How does conflict theory relate to racial theories?
They both focus on social inequalities and institutions
874
What are stimuli that control operant responses called?
Descriptive stimuli because they signal the availability of reinforcement or punishment
875
What ear structure detects rotational motion?
The ampullae
876
When are primary oocytes produced?
Between fertilization and birth
877
What can X ray crystallography be used for?
X ray crystallography can be used to visualize protein structure and interactions
878
What can UV spectroscopy be used for in a protein experiment?
UV spec can be used to estimate protein concentration
879
What can mass spectrometry be used for in a protein experiment?
Mass spec can be used to determine the protein's primary structure
880
What can circular dichroism be used for in a protein experiment?
Circular dichroism can be used to study secondary structure composition
881
When are primary oocytes produced/
Between fertilization and birth
