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Blood > Leucocytes and Pathology > Flashcards

Leucocytes and Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

When thinking about the types of cells in blood, what must we separate?

A

Separate the lymphoid series and myeloid series

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2
Q

What does the white cell count look at?

A

Lymphoid series and granulocytes

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3
Q

Why type of cells are leucocytes?

A

Nucleated cells

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4
Q

Describe the myeloid/neutrophil maturation in bone marrow?

A 
Myeloblast 
Premyelocyte
Myelocyte
Metamyelocyte 
Band neutrophil/neutrophil
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5
Q

What is the function of neutrophils and where are they found?

A

Search, ingest and destroy bacteria
Usually occurs in tissues
Rarely seen in the blood
Pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory effects

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6
Q

What is neutrophilia?

A

Increase in the number of neutrophils.

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7
Q

What are causes of neutrophilia?

A

Infection (e.g. pneumonia, abscesses, tonsillitis, UTI) - left shift to immaturity of neutrophils, toxic changes in severe infection: vacuolation, toxic granulation.
Steroid induced. Prednisone causes demargination.
Chronic mild neutrophilia due to smoking, obesity etc.

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7
Q

What are causes of neutrophilia?

A

Infection (e.g. pneumonia, abscesses, tonsillitis, UTI) - left shift to immaturity of neutrophils, toxic changes in severe infection: vacuolation, toxic granulation.
Steroid induced. Prednisone causes demargination.
Chronic mild neutrophilia due to smoking, obesity etc.

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8
Q

What are the causes of neutropenia?

A

Viral infection e.g. glandular fever
Part of a pancytopenia (anaemia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia e.g. chemo or bone marrow disease)
Drug SE: marrow suppression
Genetic neutropenia - some families, racial
Fulminant bacterial infections

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9
Q

What do we do for mild neutropenia?

A

Not clinically important

Check rest of blood count and film

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10
Q

What do we do for severe neutropenia?

A

Watch for fever (give antibiotics if febrile)
Consider protective isolation
Occasionally treat with G-CSF
In severe neutropenia, bacterial infections may be atypical - no pus

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11
Q

List the reasons for acquired functional defects of neutrophils.

A 
Diabetes
Alcoholism 
Renal failure 
Steroid medication
Genetic defects also exist, but are rare
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12
Q

What function do eosinophilia have?

A

Immune function and homeostasis

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13
Q

What causes eosinophilia?

A 
Parasitic infections 
Allergic reactions (including drug reactions) 
(Some auto-immune conditions and rare blood cancers)
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14
Q

What is the function of monocytes?

A

Become tissue resident macrophages

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15
Q

What causes monocytosis?

A 
Recurrent chronic inflammatory states - chronic bacterial infections e.g. untreated pneumonia, bacterial endocarditis, TB 
Myelodysplastic syndrome (bone marrow cancer)
16
Q

What are the functions of basophils?

A

Immunity against worms

Regulate chronic allergic inflammation

17
Q

Define a leukoerythroblastic blood film.

A

Immature white and red cells in the blood

Important sign for severe bone marrow disease

18
Q

What is leukoerythroblastic anaemia?

A

Immature cells are pushed out by a full marrow

  • Marrow replacement from leukaemia or lymphoma
  • Marrow infiltration by metastatic cancer
  • Myelofibrosis

Can also occur in severe hypoxia and anaemia

19
Q

Name the three main types of lymphocytes.

A

T cells
B cells
Natural killer cells

20
Q

Name causes for lymphocytosis.

A 
Age dependent
Child: viral infection, pertussis, acute lymphoblastic leukaemia 
Young adult: EBV 
Any: CMV, toxoplasmosis 
Elderly: chronic lymphocytic leukaemia
21
Q

Name some examples of myeloid cancers.

A

Acute myeloid leukaemia - rapid growth of precursor cells in marrow
Myeloproliferative neoplasms - excessive growth of mature cells in marrow
Myelodysplastic syndrome - production of defective myeloid cells in marrow

22
Q

Name examples of lymphoid cancers.

A

Depends on maturity and function of cell type.
Precursor lymphoid neoplasms - acute lymphoblastic leukaemia = rapid proliferation of large precursor cells
Mature lymphoid neoplasms

Reflect the behaviour of the original cell

23
Q

What is pancytopenia?

A

Due to bone failure e.g. lymphoma, metastatic cancer

Anaemia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia

24
Q

Why is the total White Blood Cell Count useless?

A

Shows the sum of concentrations of several different cell types.
More important to look at the individual concentration of each cell type.

25
Q

What causes neutrophilia?

A

Infection or inflammation
Raised adrenaline levels
Steroid drug therapy
Malignancy

26
Q

What causes raised levels of lymphocytes?

A

Children: viral infection (TB or whooping cought)

Older adults: chronic lymphocytic leukaemia

27
Q

What causes decreased levels of lymphocytes?

A

Severe stress, drug steroid therapy, immunosuppression

28
Q

What causes increased levels of monocytes?

A

Fungal or bacterial infections (indicates chronicity)

Some leukaemias

29
Q

What causes esinophilia?

A

Acute and chronic allergic disease
Immune response
Leukaemias of myeloid cells

30
Q

What causes increased levels of basophilia?

A

Allergic conditions

Myeloid leukaemias

Blood (5 decks)

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