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Hem250 > Leukocytes > Flashcards

Leukocytes Flashcards

1
Q

Maturę leukocytes are divided into categories based on their:
-________ _____
-________ __________
-_____ of ____________
-_______________
-______ _________ ____________

A

Precursor cells
Specific function
Site of Maturation
Morphology
Cell Surface Markers

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2
Q

CD ____ _________ _________ act as receptors or signal transducers

They are used to identify specific cell cell types by:
-Species
-Lineage
-Maturation stage
-State of activation

A

Cell Surface Markers

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3
Q

CLUSTER OF DIFFERENTIATION ANTIGENS

-___________ Specific:
—CD3 is only found on T Lymphocytes
—NK & B cells lack CD3

-___________ Specific:
—-Immature cell thymocytes are CD4- and CD8-
———They go through a CD4+/CD8+ phase then eventually are only CD4 or CD8 +

-__________ Specific:
—-All B cells are CD20+ but Plasma cells are CD20-
—-Activated T cells express CD56 (an intercellular adhesion molecule)

A

Lineage

Maturation

Activation

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4
Q

WBC Development

________ __________ ______ (CFU)
-groups of progenitor cells

___________ _______ _______ (HSC)
-Pluripotential
——will either divide (self-renew), differentiate or die (apoptosis)

_________ ______
-Common Myeloid
-Common Lymphoid

A

Colony Formin Units

Hematopoietic Stem Cells

Progenitor Cells

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5
Q

CONTROL OF HEMATOPOIESIS

__________
-low molecular weight soluble proteins that stimulate or inhibit differentiation, movement, growth and production of leukocytes
-Produced by leukocytes and non-hematological cells

______-__________ ________
-Promote division and differentiation
-specific targets

______________
-multiple biologic activities, sources and targets
-interact with other cytokines

A

Cytokines

Colony-Stimulating Factors

Interleukins

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6
Q

NEUTROPHIL

-develops and matures in ‘pools’ in ______ _________
-Neutrophils share a common progenitor with monocytes
(__________-_________ progenitor or GMP)

-The major cytokine responsible for the stimulation of neutrophil production is __________ _______-__________ _______, or G-CSF

A
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7
Q
A
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8
Q

PERIPHERAL BLOOD POOLS

__________ pool and ___________ pool
-very mobile cells (when mature)
-cells move between the 2 pools equally
-no difference in function

A

Circulating and Marginating

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9
Q

_________ pool:
-where cells loosely adhere to vessel endothelium
-enter tissue in response to chemotaxis
-first to arrive when extra granulocytes are needed

________ pool:
-where they circulate until randomly entering the tissues

A

Marginating

Circulating

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10
Q

IMMATURE NEUTROPHIL STAGES THAT DIVIDE

_________
-high nucleus-to-cytoplasm (N:C) ratio of 8:1 to 4:1 (the nucleus occupies most of the cell, with very little cytoplasm)
-basophilic cytoplasm
-fine nuclear chromatin
-2-4 visible nucleoli
-no visible granules or the presence of a few dispersed primary (azurophilic or red-purple granules) granules in the cytoplasm

A

Myelobast

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11
Q

IMMATURE NEUTROPHIL STAGES THAT DIVIDE

____________
-larger than the myelobast
-Nucleus is round to oval and is often central
-Chromatin clumping may be visible
-1-3 nucleoli can be seen but may be obscured by the granules

A

Promyelocytes

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12
Q

MMATURE NEUTROPHIL STAGES THAT DIVIDE
_______________
Early stage
-look ver similar to promyelocyte in size and nuclear characteristics except that patches of grainy pink cytoplasm representing secondary granules begin to be evident in the area of the Golgi apparatus
-secondary neutrophilic granules slowly spread through the cell until its cytoplasm is more lavender-pink than blue
-as the cell divides, the number of primary granules per cell is decreased, and their membrane chemistry changes so that they are much less visible

Late stage
-somewhat smaller than promyelocytes
-nucleus is more clumped
-nucleoli are difficult to see by light microscopy

A

Myelocyte

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13
Q

IMMATURE NEUTROPHIL STAGES THAT DO NOT DIVIDE

____________
-from this stage forward, the cells are no longer capable of division
-nucleus is indented (kidney bean shaped or peanut shaped)
-Chromatin is increasingly clumped
-nucleoli are absent
-size of the metamyelocyte is slightly smaller than that of the myelocyte
-cytoplasm contains very little residual RNA and therefore little or no basophilia

A

Metamyelocyte

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14
Q

IMMATURE NEUTROPHIL STAGES THAT DO NOT DIVIDE

_______ __________
-evidence of RNA (cytoplasmic basophilia) is absent
nucleus is highly clumped
-nuclear indentation that began in the metamyelocyte stage now exceeds 1/2 the diameter of the nucleus
-actual segmentation has not yet occurred

A

Band Neutrophils

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15
Q

NEUTROPHIL GRANULES

____________ _____________
-formed during the promyelocyte stage
-Last to be released
-Contain:
Myeloperoxidase
Acid B-glycerophosphatase
Cathepsins
Defensins
Elastase
Proteinase-3
Others

A

Primary (azurophilic) granules

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16
Q

NEUTROPHIL GRANULES

_____________ ______________
-formed during myelocyte and metamyelocyte stages
-third to be released
-Contain:
B2-microglobulin
Collagenase
Gelatines
Lactoferrin
Neutrophil gelatines-associated lipocalin
Others

A

Secondary (Specific) Granules

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17
Q

Neutrophil

__ to ___% of nucleated cells in the bone marrow
—–secretory granules continue to be formed during this stage

Released into __ when mature
—some bands release

Travel by PB until required in tissue anywhere in body
—-if not required, die by __________
—-if needed, life prolonged by ___________

A

7-30

PB (peripheral blood)

apoptosis
cytokines

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18
Q

NEUTROPHIL FUNCTION
-the major function of neutrophils is _________ and destruction of foreign material and microorganisms

-Part of the ______ _________ _________- receptors to complement and Ig and can phagocytose bacteria, fungus, yeast

SEEK:
*__________- recruitment- neutrophils attracted by chemokine
*Migration/Motility
*_________- Anaphylatoxin: increases vascular permeability to encourage diapedesis

DESTROY:
*_________- engulfing
*Digestion

A

phagocytosis

innate immune response

Chemotaxis
Diapedesis

phagocytosis

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19
Q

PHAGOCYTOSIS

*____________ and _____________
-Phagocyte receptors recognize and bind to certain foreign molecular patterns and opsonins such as antibodies and complement components

*_____________
-Pseudopodia are extended around the foreign particle and enclose it within a “phagosome” (engulfment)
-the phagosome is pulled toward the centre of the cel by polymerization of actin and myosin and by microtubules

*__________ and ____________
Oxygen dependent
-respiratory burst through the activation of NADPH oxidase. Hydrogen peroxide and hypochlorite are produced

Oxygen Independent
-the pH within the phagosome becomes alkaline and then neutral, the pH at which digestive enzymes work
-Primary and secondary lysosomes (granules) fuse to the phagosome and empty hydrolytic enzymes and other bactericidal molecules into the phagosome

*______________ of _________ ____________ ______
-Nuclear and organelle membranes dissolve, and activated cytoplasmic enzymes attach to DNA
-the cytoplasmic membrane ruptures, and DNA with attached enzymes is expelled so that the bacteria are digested in the external environment

A

Recognition and Attachment

Ingestion

Killing and Digestion

Formation of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps

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20
Q

EOSINOPHIL

-__-__% of nucleated cells in the BM
-develops and matures in ‘pools’ in Bone marrow
-released from BM storage pool into PB
——can increase release quickly in times of need

-Circulate in PB then travel to tissue
—-mainly beneath ______ ________ _____ in respiratory, gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts
—-some travel to ____

A

1- 3%

columnar epithelial cells
thymus

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21
Q

EOSINOPHIL FUNCTION

  1. _______ __________
    -cytokine release
    -act as antigen-presenting cells to promote proliferation of T cells
  2. ________ __________- inflammation
    -the number of Eos in blood and sputum correlates with disease severity
  3. _________ __________ (eg Helminths)
    -able to destroy parasites using secretions of MBP, cationic protein,ROS
A

Immune regulation

Allergic reactions

Parasitic infection

22
Q

EOSINOPHIL GRANULES

major basic protein
eosinophil cationic protein
peroxidase
Lysozyme
catalase
GM-CSF
Interleukins (cytokines)

there is more than 1 way for eosinophils to degranulate:
1. _________ & ___________ exocytosis: single or sued granules merge with plasma membrane

  1. __________ __________: vesicles remove only specific proteins from granules
  2. __________: deposit intact granules to tissue through cell death
A
  1. Classical and compound exocytosis
  2. Piecemeal degranulation
  3. Cytolysis
23
Q

BASOPHIL
- <__% of nucleated cells in the BM
-develops and matures in BM
-released to PB for short circulation then enter tissues
-most found in blood, spleen or at site of inflammation in tissue
-production linked to Mast cell burn it same cells

A

1

24
Q

BASOPHIL FUNCTION
-poorly understood cell
-involved in ____________ reactions
-granule contents not fully understood and can change production based in specific activation signals
-contain _______, ____, ____ and vascular endothelial growth factors
-release large quantities of cytokines
-can regulate T cells and include B cell IgE
synthesis
-initiates allergic inflammation

A

hypersensitivity

histamines, IL-4 and IL-13

25
Q

__________ cells
-not considered a leukocyte
-progenitors originate in bone marrow but are released into the blood where they migrate to tissue destination to mature

function:
-effector cells in allergic reactions
-antigen presenting cells
-can both enhance and suppress immune response
-gatekeepers to mucosal surfaces

A

Mast

26
Q

MONOCYTE

-develop in bone marrow
-no storage pool in BM- released into PB upon maturation
—–may be a pool of immature monocytes in _______

-circulation and marginal pool in PB

A

spleen

27
Q

MONOCYTE

-development is similar to neutrophil development because both cell types are derived from the GMP

-________ _______-______ factor (M-CSF) is the major cytokine responsible for the growth and differentiation of monocytes

-the morphologic stages of monocyte development are ________, __________, and ____________.

A

Macrophage colony-stimulating factor

monoblasts, promonocytes, and monocytes

28
Q

Monocyte/Macrophage Function

Numerous functions:
1. __________ immunity
2. __________ immunity
3. ____________

A

Innate
Addaptive
Housekeeping

29
Q

Monocyte/Macrophage Function

_____________ immunity
-monocytes/macrophages recognize bacterial pathogens
—Stimulate inflammatory cytokine production and phagocytosis

-Macrophages can synthesize ___________ ________; toxic against viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, helminths, and tumor cells

-Monocytes/macrophages have Fc receptors and complement receptors
—-Phagocytize foreign organisms coated with antibodies or complement components

A

Innate

nitric oxide

30
Q

Monocyte/Macrophage Function

_________ immunity
-Macrophages act as antigen-presenting cells (APC)
—-Interact with and activate both T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes to initiate the adaptive immune response.
—-Engulf foreign material, process & display peptide on membrane – present it to T-lymphocytes

A

Adaptive

31
Q

Monocyte/Macrophage Function

_____________:
-Removal of debris and dead cells at sites of infection or tissue damage
-Destruction of senescent red blood cells and maintenance of a storage pool of iron for erythropoiesis
-Synthesis of a wide variety of proteins:
*Coagulation Factors
*Complement components
*Interleukins
*Growth factors
*Enzymes

A

Housekeeping

32
Q

MONOCYTE DESTINATIONS
(provide the name of the macrophage depending on their site of “residence”)

-Liver= ________ cells
-Lungs=________ macrophages
-Brain= __________
-Skin= ____________ cells
-Spleen=________ macrophages
-Intestines= __________ macrophages
-Peritoneum= _________ macrophages
-Bone= _________
-type A cell= ____________ macrophages
-KIdneys=___________ macrophages
-Reproductive System= ________ ________ macrophages
-Lymph nodes=_________ cells

A

kupffer
alveolar
microglia
Langerhan
splenic
intestinal
peritoneal macrophages
osteoclasts
synovial
renal
reproductive organ
dendritic

33
Q

LYMPHOCYTES

Lymphocytes are divided into three major groups:

  1. T cells- _______ immunity
  2. B cells- _______ immunity
  3. Natural Killer cells- _______ immunity
    -small % of Lymphs
A

adaptive
adaptive
innate

34
Q

LYMPHOCYTES

Lymphocytes can be further subdivided into two categories:

  1. Those that participate in ________ ___________
    -antibody producing
    -B lymphs or B cells
  2. Those that participate in ________ _________
    -attack foreign organisms or cells directly
    -T cells and NK cells
A

Humoral Immunity

Cellular Immunity

35
Q

LYMPHOPOIESIS

All 3 lymphocytes originate in BM

*B cells develop in the Bone marrow to ‘naïve’ B-cells which migrate to ________ tissue

*T cell lymphoid progenitors migrate from the BM to develop in the _______

*NK cells develop in either location

A

Lymphoid

Thymus

36
Q

LYMPHOCYTE FUNCTION

Lymphocytes are different from the other leukocytes in several ways:

  1. Lymphocytes are not end cells
    -THEY ARE RESTING CELLS, AND WHEN STIMULATED, THEY UNDERGO MITOSIS TO PRODUCE BOTH MEMORY AND EFFECTOR CELLS

2.Unlike other leukocytes, lymphocytes RECIRCULATE from the blood to the tissues and back to the blood

  1. B and T lymphocytes are capable of REARRANGING ANTIGEN RECEPTORS to produce a wide variety of antibodies and surface receptors
  2. Although early lymphocyte progenitors originate in the bone marrow, T and NK lymphocytes develop and mature outside of the bone marrow
A
37
Q

B-LYMPHOCYTES

*Develop initially in the bone marrow and go through three stages:
1.
2.
3.

*During these stages each B cell produces a unique immunoglobulin antigen receptor

*The immature B cells (antigen- Naïve B cells), have not yet been exposed to antigen leave the bone marrow to migrate to secondary lymphatic organs (lymph nodes)

A

Pro-B
Pre-B
Immature B cells (antigen-Naive B cells)

38
Q

B-LYMPHOCYTES

-approximately __-__% of circulating lymphocytes are B cells

*B cells may come in contact with antigen in the secondary lymphatic organs or in the blood:

-Results in cell division and the production of memory cells as well as effector cells
-Naïve B cells undergo repeated mitosis and form a clone of immature B cells in follicles of the lymph node cortex
-When exposed to antigen they transform, proliferate and migrate further into medulla of the lymph node

*Activated B-cells transform into Memory Cells or Plasma cells

*Resting B lymph cannot be distinguished morphologically from resting T lymph

A

3-21

39
Q

B-Cell Function

*B cells exposed to antigens in secondary lymphatic organs
-requires activated T cells

*B cells transform into _____ cells
-Produce Immunoglobulin
-Proliferate into clone of antibody producing cells or memory cells

*Plasma cells are not seen in peripheral blood
-Ig produced in tissues

A

plasma

40
Q

________ cell
-eccentric nucleus
-Nuclear halo
-very basophilic cytoplasm

A

Plasma

41
Q

T- Lymphocytes

*Develop initially in the thymus
-Lymphoid progenitor cells migrate from the bone marrow to the thymic cortex
-They progress through 3 stages under the regulation of cytokines:
1.
2.
3.

*During these phases they produce T cell receptors that are unique to each T cell

*T CELLS WHOSE RECEPTORS REACT WITH SELF-ANTIGENS ARE ALLOWED TO UNDERGO APOPTOSIS

A

Pro-T
Pre-T
Immature T cells

42
Q

T- Lymphocytes

*T cells are subdivided into two major categories, depending on whether or not they have CD__ or CD__ antigen on their surfaces

*T-cell apoptosis occurs in the thymus __________ to any T-cell that may not recognize self-antigens

*The remaining immature T cells (orantigen- naïve T cells) then leave the thymus and migrate to secondary lymphatic organs

*T cells in secondary lymphatic organs or in the circulating blood eventually come in contact with antigen
-This results in cell activation and the production of either memory cells or effector T cells, or both

T cells comprise ____% to ____% of circulating lymphocytes

*The transformation of resting lymphocytes into activated forms is the source of so-called medium and large lymphocytes that have increased amounts of cytoplasm and usually make up only about 10% of circulating lymphocytes.

A

CD4 or CD8

medulla

51-88%

43
Q

T-Cell Development

*T-cells have a ______ life span than B-cells and continuously migrate back and forth from blood to lymphoid tissue

*They can transform any time they interact with their specific antigen

A

longer

44
Q

T-Cell Development Summary

*BM stem cells travel to _______

*T-cell populations proliferate in thymus & matures through stages and into various sub-sets

*T-cell apoptosis occurs in the thymic _______ to any T-cell that may not recognize self-antigens

*Final transformation occurs only if a T cell contacts antigen, which combines with certain proteins on the T cells surface

A

thymus

medulla

45
Q

T – Cell Subsets & Function

CD4 Lymphocytes are further subdivided into:

A
46
Q

T – Cell Subsets & Function

CD4 Lymphocytes are further subdivided into:

A
47
Q

T – Cell Subsets & Function

CD8 Lymphocytes:

*________ T cells:
-Capable of killing target cells by secreting granules containing granzyme and perforin or by activating apoptotic pathways in the target cell

*These cells are sometimes referred to ascytotoxic T lymphocytes

A

Cytotoxic

48
Q

During an infection, an antigen presenting cell displays a processed antigen fragment with a self molecule called class II major histocompatibility molecule (MHC) that identifies the cell as self. A helper T cell binds to the MHC/foreign antigen complex via its T cell antigen receptor with the aid of the CD 4 molecule.

A
49
Q

___ Lymphocytes

-Function as part of innate immunity
-Capable of killing certain tumor cells and virus-infected cells without prior sensitization
-Recognize the lack of self –antigens on the “intruder’s” surface
-Can kill tumour and virus-infected cells by releasing perforins
-Modulate the functions of other cells, including macrophages and T cells

*Seen in PB as large, granular lymphs

A

NK

50
Q

Automated CBC Analyzers

*Principles of cell counting & differentiation are all similar

*_________ principle- cell counting & sizing
*______ _______ with light source:
-Tungsten Halogen Lamp
-Helium-Neon Laser
-Argon ion laser
*__________ staining in flow cell

A

Impedance
Flow cell
Cytochemical

51
Q

Beckman Coulter Act5 Diff Counter

AcV technology:
A_________
c_________ and V_______

Cytochemistry – Diff Fix contains ________ black which stains

A

Absorbance
cytochemistry and Volume

Chlorazole

52
Q

*Cells separated by volume & light absorbance

*AcV Diffplot of A v.s. V

A

Hem250 (4 decks)

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