Leukocytes (final) Flashcards
(76 cards)
1
Q
The entire leukocyte system functions in defense against
A
foreign invaders
2
Q
leukocytosis=
A
increased WBCs
3
Q
Granulocytosis=
A
increased granulocytes (basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils)
4
Q
basophilia=
A
increased basophils
5
Q
eosinophilia=
A
increased eosinophils
6
Q
neutrophilia=
A
increased neutrophils
7
Q
lymphocytosis=
A
increased lymphocytes
8
Q
monocytosis=
A
increased monocytes
9
Q
leukopenia=
A
decreased WBCs
10
Q
granulocytopenia=
A
decreased granulocytes (basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils)
11
Q
basopenia=
A
decreased basophils
12
Q
eosinopenia=
A
decreased eosinophils
13
Q
neutropenia=
A
decreased neutrophils
14
Q
lymphopenia=
A
decreased lymphocytes
15
Q
monocytopenia=
A
decreased monocytes
16
Q
What are some causes of increased total WBC?
A
1) bacterial infection
2) inflammation
3) leukemia
4) polycythemia vera
17
Q
What are some causes of decreased total WBC?
A
1) viral infection
2) aplastic anemia
3) megaloblastic anemia
4) autoimmune disorders
18
Q
What WBCs are polymorphonuclear granulocytes?
A
basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils
“BEN”
19
Q
define granulocytes
A
granules in cytoplasm
20
Q
define polymorphonuclear
A
segmented nucleus
21
Q
define agranulocytes
A
no granules in the cytoplasm
22
Q
define mononuclear
A
one non-segmented nucleus
23
Q
What cells are mononuclear agranulocytes?
A
lymphocytes and monocytes
24
Q
What are the normal WBC percentages?
A
Never Let My Engine Blow
N= neutrophils 60%
L= lymphocytes 30%
M= monocytes 8%
E= eosinophils 2%
B= basophils and bands 0%
25
What stain is used to look at WBCs on a smear?
polychromatic stain
26
How many segments are normally found in a segmented neutrophil/polymorphonuclear neutrophil nucleus?
3-5 segments
27
Granules contain what 3 toxic materials that help digest pathogens?
1) myeloperoxidase
2) lysozyme
3) defensins
28
What are the functions of a segmented neutrophil/polymorphonuclear neutrophil?
1) kill bacteria
2) phagocytosis
3) local inflammation, major component of pus
29
What cell is the first responder to migrate to site of inflammation?
segmented neutrophil/polymorphonuclear neutrophil
30
What may cause decrease in neutrophils?
aplastic anemia or viral infection
31
What infection would decrease neutrophils and total WBC count but increase lymphocytes?
viral infection
32
What is a left shift?
-an increase in the number of immature neutrophils (bands) in the blood, often as a response to an acute inflection, inflammation, or stress on the bone marrow
-it reflects the body's heightened demand for neutrophils, promoting the release of immature forms from the bone marrow
1) increase in neutrophils
2) increase in total WBC count
3) indicates severe bacterial infection
33
A left shift may be accompanied with
1) toxic granulation
2) dohle bodies
3) vacuolization in neutrophils
4) ESR elevated
5) C reactive protein elevated
all of this is because of inflammation with sepsis
34
What disorders have a left shift?
1) ***appendicitis***
2) severe bacterial infections
3) pyelonephritis
4) bacteremia/ sepsis
35
What has this classic triad?
-RLQ pain
-total WBC count increased
-left shift
appendicitis
36
bacterial infection= increased neutrophils and bands = _______________ total WBC count
increased
37
What are the functions of eosinophils?
1) defense against parasitic infections
2) response to allergic reactions
38
What crystals appear when theres degenerated/damaged eosinophils and are considered pathological?
charcot-leyden crystals
39
charcot-leyden crystals are found in sputum of people with
allergic diseases such as asthma
40
charcot-leyden crystals are found in stool of people with
parasitic infections
41
What may increase eosinophils?
1) allergic disorders like asthma, hay fever, eczema, drugs
2) parasites
42
What 2 cells release histamine?
basophils and mast cells
43
Granules in basophils contain what?
histamine and heparin
44
Both histamine and heparin is released from granules of basophils when allergic reaction occurs. What Ab is involved here?
IgE
45
What are the functions of histamine?
1) vasodilation
2) increase vascular permeability
3) smooth muscle contraction
46
What is a natural anticoagulant?
heparin
47
anaphylaxis is what hypersensitivity reaction?
type 1
48
Monocytes migrate to tissue and become?
macrophages
(monocytes are in blood)
49
What is the largest WBC?
monocytes
50
What are the functions of monocytes?
1) phagocytosis
2) differentiation into macrophages and dendritic cells
3) immune response regulation
4) tissue repair
51
What increases monocytes?
chronic pathologies (most common in elderly) and chronic inflammation
52
What are the functions of lymphocytes?
1) immune surveillance
2) adaptive immunity
3) immune regulation
53
What are the primary lymphoid tissues?
bone marrow and thymus
54
Where do lymphocytes become immunocompetent?
bone marrow and thymus
55
What are the secondary lymphoid tissues?
-lymph nodes
-spleen
-peyer's patch
-MALT
56
What are the functions of NK cells?
-destroy targets by a cytotoxic action
-recognize and kill stressed cells in the absence of Abs and MHC
57
What increases lymphocytes?
viral infections like infectious mononucleosis (epstein barr virus)
58
What decreases lymphocytes?
-autoimmune disorders like lupus, MG, and RA
-radiation/drug therapy
-immunodeficiency
59
Plasma cells develop from B lymphocytes when there is
antigenic stimulation
60
T/F: plasma cells are normally found in peripheral blood of healthy adults
FALSE- mostly found in bone marrow and lymph nodes
61
What is the function of plasma cells?
specialized for synthesis and excretion of large amounts of antigen specific antibody which targets microbes for destruction by other immune cells
62
What increases plasma cells?
multiple myeloma and viral infections like measles, chicken pox, mono, herpes
63
What are the functions of macrophages?
1) phagocytosis
2) APC
3) secretes cytokines
64
Which cell plays a critical role in both innate and adaptive immunity?
macrophages
65
Toxic granulation is seen with what WBC?
neutrophils
66
What leukocyte change is this?
-large, coarse, dark blue granules in the cytoplasm
-represents increased lysosomal activity
toxic granulation
67
When do you seen toxic granulation?
during septic conditions (bacteriemia)
68
Dohle bodies are seen with what WBC?
neutrophils and monocytes
69
What leukocyte change is this?
-irregular blue grey inclusion seen in cytoplasm
-ribosomal accumulation (RNA from RER)
dohle bodies
70
When do you seen dohle bodies?
bacterial infections, sepsis, inflammation
71
Vacuolated neutrophils are often an indicator of significant stress or pathology. When does this occur?
massive bacteria infection, septicemia
72
What may be found with bacterial infection/sepsis?
1) total WBC count increased
2) left shift (increase immature cells/bands)
3) toxic granulation (most common), dohle bodies, vacuolated neutrophils (rare to see all 3 at once)
73
What is this called?
-large lymphocytes contain a great amount of cytoplasm
-vary in size and shape
-nucleus may be various shapes
-often a characteristic dark bluish tinge of cytoplasm on peripheral edge
reactive/atypical/viral lymphocytes
74
reactive/atypical/viral lymphocytes occur in....
infectious mono (shows leukopenia and lymphocytosis)
75
What is the test for mono/epstein barr virus?
heterophile test
76
-reddish brown rod shaped inclusions seen in very immature granulocytes (blasts) of leukemia patients
-found in cytoplasm
-abnormal fusion of primary granulocytes
-pathognomonic for AML**
auer bodies
