Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Y4 SA - Collapse, weakness & exercise intolerance > Leukogram > Flashcards

Leukogram Flashcards

(62 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Leucocytosis vs leucopenia

A
  • leucocytosis = increase in WBCs in the blood
  • leucopenia = decrease in WBCs in the blood
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Neutrophilia vs neutropenia

A
  • neutrophilia = increase in neutrophils in the blood
  • neutropenia = decrease in neutrophils in the blood
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Causes of WBC number and morphology change in the blood

A
  • infection
  • inflammation
  • endocrine
  • lymphoid and myeloid neoplasia
  • (stress)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is myeloid a synonym for?

A
  • neutrophils
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Neutrophil production - where?

A

In the bone marrow
- occasionally EMH (extra-medullary haematopoeisis i.e. occurs outside the bone marrow) (spleen, liver, other)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Neutrophil production - stages?

A
  1. myeloblast
  2. progranulocyte
  3. myelocyte
  4. metamyelocyte
  5. band neutrophil
  6. segmented neutrophil

Myeloblast -> progranulocyte -> myelocyte ->
- proliferate and mature

Metamyelocyte -> band -> segmented neutrophil
- maturation only

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

3 ways cells can leave blood vessels

A
  • marginalisation
  • adhesion
  • migration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What factors can produce a shift from marginal to circulating pool?

A
  • epinephrine
  • glucocorticoids
  • infection
  • stress
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Is the circulating or marginal pool collected by blood sample?

A
  • circulating
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does a normal neutrophil count mean?

A

Inflammatory disease is ruled out

Inflammatory disease could be present
- always look at the clinical presentation of the animal
- look at the blood smear for toxic changes
— if the neutrophils have toxic changes, even if the number is normal, it is still an indicator of a pathological change
- can look at acute phase proteins to confirm inflammatory cause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What develops when bone marrow delivery of neutrophils exceeds consumption?

A
  • neutrophilia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What develops when tissue consumption exceeds marrow delivery of neutrophils?

A
  • neutropenia with a left shift
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Causes of neutrophilia

A

Inflammation
- infections (bacterial, viral, fungal, protozoal)
- immune mediated anaemia
- necrosis (including haemolysis, sterile inflammation and FBs)

Steroid
- stress
- steroid therapy
- hyperadrenocorticism

Physiological
- epinephrine
- fight or flight (excitement, fear, pain, exercise)

Chronic neutrophil leukaemia

Paraneoplastic
- (rectal polyp, renal tubular carcinoma, metastatic fibrosarcoma)
- some tumours release cytokines and stimulate the bone marrow to release neutrophils

Other
- e.g. LAD (leukocyte adhesion deficiency - can’t exit the blood vessels and stay in circulation, hence neutrophilia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Neutrophilia - mechanisms and their causes

A

Increased release of marrow storage pool cells
- endotoxaemia
- acute infection
- hypoxia
- glucocorticoids

Demargination of neutrophils
- acute infection
- exercise
- epinephrine
- glucocorticoids

Decreased extravasation into tissues
- glucocorticoids

Expansion of marrow precursor pool
- chronic infection/inflammation
- tumours
- rebound from neutropaenia
- myeloproliferative disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is left shift?

A
  • increased number of immature neutrophils in the blood
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Why/when does left shift occur?

A
  • when the bone marrow is overwhelmed with the demand for neutrophils, young, immature cells get pushed out to compensate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the difference between regenerative and degenerative left shift?

A

Regenerative:
- see more segmented cells than immature cells

Degenerative:
- see more immature cells that segmented cells (body not keeping up)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is right shift?

A
  • increased number of mature neutrophils, lack of immature
    = hyper-segmented, 5 or more nuclear lobes in the neutrophils
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What causes right shift and how does it do this?

A
  • glucocorticoids down-regulate the adhesion molecules, less neutrophils leave the circulation to die so aged cells remain in circulation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is toxic neutrophilic change?

A
  • morphologic neutrophil abnormalities that occur throughout maturation under intense conditions and shorten the maturation time in the bone marrow
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Examples of maturation under intense conditions i.e. causes of neutrophil toxic change

A
  • severe bacterial infection
  • parvo
  • IMHA
  • neoplasia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How can toxic change be identified?

A
  • foamy more blue cytoplasm (dispersed organelles)
  • diffuse cystoplasmic basophilia (persistent of cytoplasmic RNA, include segmented neutrophils)
  • Dohle bodies
  • asynchronous nuclear maturation (finely granular nuclear chromatic but in ‘segments’)

Can be v hard to differentiate from monocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How do Dohle bodies present?

A
  • pale blue spots
    (- focal blue-grey cytoplasmic structures (RER/RNA)
  • isolated finding in some healthy cats
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What do Dohle bodies represent?

A
  • Aggregated ribosomes and whorls of rough endoplasmic reticulum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Why is the cytoplasm of toxic neutrophils more blue?
- Retention of ribosomal RNA
26
Why is the cytoplasm of toxic neutrophils frothy and vacuolated?
- Due to degranulation of lysosomes
27
Do segmented/band neutrophils have less condensed chromatin than non toxic neutrophils?
- yes
28
What does a normal mature neutrophil look like?
- white cytoplasm with pink granules - long and fairly narrow nuclei - tightly condensed chromatin
29
Examples of a bacterial neutrophil inclusion
- Ehrlichia - Anaplasma
30
Example of a viral neutrophil inclusion
- canine distemper
31
Examples of a protozoal neutrophil inclusion
- toxoplasma - hepatozoon
32
Example of a fungal neutrophil inclusion
- histoplasma
33
Examples of a hereditary neutrophil inclusion
- Chediak-Higashi, Birman cat anomaly, mucopolysidosis
34
What is a heterophil?
- functionally equivalent to a neutrophil
35
How can you differentiate between a neutrophil and a heterophil?
Heterophil: granules stain red
36
What does neutrophilia with left shift indicate?
- inflammation -- per-acute/overwhelming bacterial infections -- canine and feline parvo
37
What does neutrophilia with lymphopenia indicate?
- steroid response
38
What are the causes decreased production of neutrophils?
- infections e.g. parvo, FeLV, toxoplasm - toxicity e.g. chemo, oestrogen, chloramphenicol (cats) - neoplasia e.g. leukaemia, myelodysplastic, metastatic - marrow necrosis - myelofibrosis
39
What does neutropenia with left shift indicate?
- acute inflammation
40
What does neutropenia with no left shift indicate?
- acute viral infection - acute marrow injury
41
What does neutropenia with thrombocytopenia/neoplasia/anaemia indicate?
- chronic marrow injury
42
Rare causes of neutropaenia
- immune mediated neutropaenia - Chediak-Higashi - acyclic haematopoeisis in grey collies - canine hereditary neutropaenia
43
What species does neutropenia indicate severe infection?
- dogs as they have excellent reserves of neutrophils
44
Interpretation of neutropaenia in acute inflammation - species differences
Dog or cat - very severe lesion Horse - probable severe lesion Cow - neutropenia typical in inflammation regardless of severity
45
How do reactive lymphocytes differ from normal?
- larger - more coarse chromatin - deep blue cytoplasm
46
What are reactive lymphocytes associated with?
- immune reactions
47
How do granular lymphocytes differ from normal?
- small pink granules collected into 1 area
48
Lymphocyte inclusions - examples
Functional - large granular lymphocytes Infectious - Ehrlichia - Distemper Metabolic - lysosomal storage diseases
49
Causes of lymphocytosis
Physiological - catecholamine mediated via splenic contraction (esp cats) Chronic inflammation - chronic antigenic stimulation - may include reactive lymphocytes - usually with neutrophilia and/or monocytosis (± eosinophilia) Young animals with recent vaccination Lymphoproliferative disorder - e.g. FeLV, BLV - may be lymphopenia in lymphoma Addisons - loss of normal level of lymphocyte inhibition by glucocorticoids
50
Causes of lymphopenia
Steroids/stress - endogenous or exogenous glucocorticoid - shifts lymphocytes out of circulation & lymphocytosis Acute inflammation - bacterial, viral or endotoxemia - migration to inflamed tissue and homing to LNs - often with neutrophilia or neutropenia - correction of lymphopenia -> better prognosis Loss of lymph - chylothorax (drainage) or lymphangiectasia Cytotoxic drugs, radiation Immunodeficiency syndrome Lymphoma - LN pathology and disrupted circulation
51
Role of monocytes
- phagocytosis
52
What does phagocytosis result in?
- release of immune mediators -> cytokines
53
When do monocytes differentiate into macrophages?
- when they enter tissues
54
Causes of monocytosis
Inflammation - may imply chronic - bacterial, fungal, protozoal - necrosis: haemolysis, haemorrhage, neoplasia, infarction, trauma - inconsistent finding (chronic but also acute inflammation) Steroid/stress - stress - glucocorticoids (occ ACTH) - hyperadrenocorticism Monocytic/myelomonocytic leukaemia
55
Is monocytopenia recognised as a clinically significant entity?
- no
56
Causes of eosinophilia
- HS - parasitism - addisons - paraneoplastic (e.g. MCT, lymphoma) - idiopathic eosinophilic syndromes -- e.g. canine eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy, myositis, feline eosinophilic granuloma - eosinophilic leukaemia (very rare)
57
Causes of eosinopaenia
- glucocorticoids - stress
58
Are basophils common to find on a blood smear?
- no
59
When is it common to see nucleated RBC?
- regenerative anaemia - EMH - splenic contraction - damaged marrow
60
What is common to see with an excited patient?
- mature neutrophilia - lymphocytosis
61
What is common to see with a stressed patient?
- mature neutrophilia - lymphopaenia - eosinopaenia - monocytosis
62
Excitement and stress
Excitement - catecholamine (travel, capture, chutes, handling) - mature neutrophilia (2x dogs, horses and cows, >2x cats) - lymphocytosis (esp cats) Steroid/stress - glucocorticoid (endogenous or exogenous) - mature neutrophilia (2x dogs, horses and cows, >2x cats) - lymphopenia - eosinopenia - ± monocytosis

Y4 SA - Collapse, weakness & exercise intolerance (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions