Level One Diseases Flashcards

Question

Complex Regional Pain Syndrome

Answer 1

Chronic pain condition believed to be the results of dysfunction in CNS or PNS --> develops after trauma, surgery or UMNL

Answer 2

Changes in colour and temp of the skin over the affected limb or body part Intense burning pain, skin sensitivity, sweating, swelling, stiffness

Answer 3

Stage 1 (0-3m): Puffy, swelling, redness, warmth, stiffness, allodynia, positive bone scan Stage 2 (3-6m): increased pain and stiffness, firm edema, cyanosis, atrophy, osteopenia or x-ray Stage 3 (6m+): tight, smooth, glossy, cool, pale skin, stiffness & contractures, nail & hair changes, severe osteopenia

Answer 4

Prevention and early detection Pain and edema management (desensitization, contrast baths, TENS, gentle massage, e-stim) Education

Answer 5

MOI - compression or ischemia Result - transient distribution Recovery - good prognosis (minutes-weeks) as swelling resolves

Answer 6

MOI - crush injury (most common) Result - distribution of axons, myelin sheath still intact, may cause paralysis of nerve Recovery - fair prognosis (months), Wallerian Degeneration

Answer 7

MOI - trauma, laceration Result - completely severed axon and sheath Recovery - only with surgery with variable success (might not recover)

Answer 8

Known as axonal or anterograde degeneration "Dying back of nerve" Nerve fibers are injured by myelin sheath still intact Part of the axon separated from the neurons cell body degeneration distal to the injury Occurs in a distal to proximal direction

Answer 9

Distal end of the portion of the nerve fiber proximal to the lesion ends out sprouts Sprouts are attached by growth factors produced by cells in the distal myelin sheath Axons sprout re-growth: 1mm/day Upper arm 4-6m (up to 2 years) Lower arm 7-9m (up to 4 years)

Answer 10

Compression of any part of the CNS, causing ischemia for greater than 3-5 months Regeneration not possible

Answer 11

Focal demyelination of the myelin sheath with sparing of axons GBS Re-myelination restores function but the nerve conduction velocity can be slower compared to pre-damage levels

Answer 12

- Degenerative joint disease - Release of enzymes and abnormal biomechanical forces cause fibrillation and damage to articular cartilage - Loss of cartilage allows bones of joint to rub against each other - Can cause swelling, pain, increased bone turnover and osteophyte formation - Can have normal stress with abnormal chondrocyte physiology OR abnormal stress with normal chondrocyte physiology - Sources of pain can be bone, soft tissue, inflammation and muscle spasm

Answer 13

Increased age, sex (W>M) genetics, physical inactivity, injury, joint stress (occupation)

Answer 14

- Pain most days? - Pain over the last year? - Worse with activity? - Relieved with rest? - How are the mornings? How long does it take the stiffness to go away, if present?

Answer 15

Knee - most common area, varus alignment, crepitus present, flexion contracture, abnormal gait, swipe test or patellar tap - loose bodies could be present: locking or catching from free floating bone or cartilage - treatment: joint traction, open kinetic chain exercises, isometrics through range Hip - Common, walking with Trendelenburg, groin pain, osteophytes, flexion deformities and increased IR Spine: osteophytes in facet joints of lumbar spine can cause stenosis Hand - PIP, DIP and CMC Foot - first metatarsal joint, osteophytes can form at this joint, may have bunions Uncommon joints --> shoulder, elbow, wrist (can occur if scaphoid #) and ankle Treatment: Exercise (strengthen, stretch muscles around OA joint), activity modification, weight loss, acetaminophen

Answer 16

- Unable to move the limb - Intense joint pain - Joint swelling - Joint redness - Low fever - Chills may occur - Possible tachycardia

Answer 17

Pain: Yes - worse in AM Swelling: Moderate to severe Warmth: Sometimes Redness: Sometimes Morning Stiffness: > 1 hr Systemic Features: Sometimes - fever, fatigue Increase in Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate: Frequent

Answer 18

Pain: Yes - worse after use Swelling: Mild Warmth: Absent Redness: Absent Morning Stiffness: < 30 minutes Systemic Features: Absent Increase in Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate: Uncommon

Answer 19

Autoimmune disease Synovitis is the main feature Changes at the joint level lead to: immobility and consolidation of a joint, bones become osteopenic, ligaments and tendons become damaged or ruptured, surrounding membrane deteriorates leaving joint unstable and prone to deformity

Answer 20

- Symmetrical pattern, pain, fatigue, stiffness (decreased ROM), swelling, joint deformity, muscle atrophy - Abnormal antibody HLA-DR4 in 80% of people with RA - Increased risk: after mother gives birth, cigarette smoking, pollution

Answer 21

Need 4 out of 7 (for at least 6 weeks) - Morning stiffness > 1 hr - Arthritis of >/= 3 joints - Arthritis of hand joint - Symmetric arthritis - Rheumatoid nodules - Radiographic changes - Serum rheumatoid factor --> antibodies produced by immune system that attack healthy cells. Associated with autoimmune disease

Answer 22

- Hallux valgus: 1st MTP synovitis, big toe lateral, ligament laxity and erosion sublux --> dislocation, prox phalanx drifts lateral, causes pronation of midfoot - MTP subluxation: synovitis, displacement of the flexors, unopposed extensors pull the phalanx into hypertext, metatarsal head prolapses and get dislocation and lateral drift of toes... sign = callouses - Claw toe: MTP and PIP synovitis, usually involves 2nd toe, flex of PIP and hypertext of DIP (similar to boutonniere) - Mallet toe: flex of DIP, affects longest - Ulnar drift: MCP synovitis --> MCP sublux causes re-positioning of tendons and pull of phalanges towards ulnar side of hand - Swan neck deformity: flex of MCP (not always), hypertext of PIP, flex DIP - Boutonniere deformity: zig zag deformity - MCP hypertext (not always), flex of PIP, hypertext of DIP

Answer 23

- Meds --> DMARDs, NSAIDs, Tylenol, cortisone - DMARDs: slow progression of disease process and can save joints and other tissue from permanent damage and dysfunction

Answer 24

Acute Stage: Disease Flare Up - Protect: use resting splints, brace joint during ADLs, adaptive tools to reduce joint strain during ADLs - No stretching - Energy conservation - Gentle pain free ROM - No heavy lifting - Ice to reduce inflammation - Heat only applied briefly in AM to reduce morning stiffness - Hydrotherapy

Answer 25

Chronic Stage: No disease flare up - Capitalize on decreased pain and increased energy - ROM full and pain free - Increase cardiovascular activity - aquatics is a good idea - Strength and endurance training - pain free w/ lighter weights - Use splints/braces while exercises - Continue joint protection strategies - Use ice after activity to reduced inflammation - Heat before activity in needed for stiffness

Answer 26

- Remove (joint surface/bone removed to decrease pain) - Re-align (tendon rupture) - Rest (arthrodesis) - joint fusion - Replace (arthroplasty) - joint replacement

Answer 27

- Atlanto-axial joint (especially transverse ligament) - TMJ: end stage might result in fusion of open bite - Shoulder: humeral head moves superiorly - AC joint: - Elbow: loss of extension - Wrist - MCP and PIP - Knee: baker's cyst, flexion deformity, valgus deformity and quad wasting - MTPs

Answer 28

Umbrella term for group of inflammatory diseases that have common characteristics Most common is Ankylosing Spondylitis Other common conditions include: psoriatic arthritis, enteropathic spondylitis, reactive arthritis and JIA Common features: inflammation of the spine, synovitis (typically unilateral), enthesitis, extra-articular features (uveitis, skin, genitourinary tract) NO RHEUMATOID FACTOR (seronegative) Can be hereditary (HLA-B27)

Answer 29

- HALLMARK SIGN: sacroiliitis - deep dull pain in buttocks due to inflamed SI joint - Low back pain - Synovitis - Inflammation of the eye - Enthesitis (inflammation where ligaments, tendons and muscles attach to bone) - Syndesmophytes: bony growth within ligaments on either side of a joint which can cause fusion/rigidity - No RF (sernoegative) - Can be hereditary (HLA-B27) - Stiffness/fusing of the spine by inflammation - Disease of young adults: onset of before 40 - More males than females - Postural deformities - kyphosis, decreased lumbar lordosis, forward head posture - Other: inflammation of bowels, lungs and heart

Answer 30

- LBP and stiffness for more than 3 months that improves with exercise but is not relieved with rest - Limitation of motion of L spine (due to pain, tissue contracture, movement guarding, fusing) - Limitation of chest expansion (diaphragmatic breathing) - Decreased strength d/t disuse - - Joint effusion - Pain - Flexion posture - Fatigue due to disease process - Cardiac involvement - Decreased vital capacity due to rib involvement

Answer 31

- Meds: NSAIDs, corticosteroids, DMARDs & biologics Goals: - Reduce stiffness and increase ROM - Exercises, stretching, heat and postural education - Increase endurance and muscle strength - Increase respiratory function through cardio and relaxation/breathing exercises - NO RUNNING - Control/decrease inflammation - Pain management

Answer 32

- Tragus to wall - Lateral trunk flexion - Trunk flexion - Trunk extension - Chest expansion - Cervical mobility

Answer 33

- Associated with psoriasis - Occurs equally in M and F - Usually occurs on 30-50s but can begin in childhood - Chronic, erosive, inflammation more commonly found a digits, large joints of axial skeleton, back and SI joints - Meds: acetaminophen, NSAIDs, DMARDs, biologics, corticosteroids - PT treatment: joint protection, maintain optimal joint mechanics and postures, cardiovascular endurance

Answer 34

- Associated with inflammatory bowel disease: Crohn's or colitis - Long lasting inflammation from bowels --> bacteria can enter and circulate in blood stream - Disease "flares" normally subside in 6 weeks, but re-occurrence is common - Joints affected are often the peripheral joints but may affect spine and SI joint - Abdominal pain and bloody diarrhea are possible

Answer 35

- Painful form of inflammatory athritis - Most often short lasting but on occasion can become chronic - Occurs in reaction to an infection by certain bacteria (possibly STI) in bowel it GI tract - Hot, swollen joints often affect knees and ankles - Persistent low back pain which tends to be worse at night or in the morning

Answer 36

- Several subtypes: oligoarthritis (4 or fewer joints), seronegative polyarthritis (5 or more joints), seropositive polyarthritis, enthesitis-related arthritis, psoriatic JIA, undifferentiated arthritis

Answer 37

- Joint pain - Stiffness - Warm swollen joints - Eye issues (uveitis) - Genetic marker HLA-B27 - Fatigue - Abnormal Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) - RF only present in small % of JIA

Answer 38

- S & S must be present for 6 weeks to make diagnosis Treatment: - Activity modification - Postural education - Increase strength during non-active times of disease - Reduce pain - Some will go into remission

Answer 39

- Health Assessment Questionnaire - Euro QoL - MACTAR - KOOS/HOOS

Answer 40

- Increased serum uric acid (hyperuricemia) - Uric acid forms stones called tophi formations which become deposited into joints, synovium, cartilage, tendons causing pain and inflammation - Most common area: knee and great toe - Meds: NSAIDs, cox2-inhibitors corticosteroids & ACTH

Answer 41

- Rest - Injury prevention education - Restore normal flexibility and function - As inflammation subsides, add strength and functional exercise - Do not exercise a red, hot & swollen joint - focus on pain reduction

Answer 42

- Similar to gout - Painful, swollen joint - Different type of crystals - No tophi formation

Answer 43

- Neuromuscular disease causing PERIPHERAL neuromuscular fatigue - Virus enters the CNS - Can lead to paralysis - Attacks neurons at the anterior horn of the spinal cord - Leads to loss of innervation of peripheral muscles - Some regrowth of neurons can occur and some movements can recover... motor units become enlarged - Post-polio: can experience new symptoms 15-30 years after the initial virus... decrease muscular function, acute weakness with pain and fatigue - Use symptomatic management

Answer 44

- Progressive, hereditary condition characterized by abnormal movement and mental deterioration - Quick jerky movements, involuntary, purposeless, uncontrolled movement - Swallowing and speech affected - Due to loss of neurotransmitters and GABA - PT Treatment: symptom management, patient safety, maintain enough nutrition

Answer 45

- Common neurological disorder usually seen as shaking hands evoked by voluntary movements - No other neuro signs - Most frequent movement disorder - Increases with fatigue and nervousness

Answer 46

- Very rare movement disorder - Exhausting violent movements - Due to damage within various areas of the basal ganglia - Some go into spontaneous remission

Answer 47

- Difficult to treat and often incurable form of dyskinesia - Motor control disorder secondary to use of anti-psychotics for control of psychosis - Random movement of tongue, lips and jaw - May affect limbs as well

Answer 48

- Repetitive, involuntary, stereotypical movements and utterances (tics) - Combination of genetic and environmental factors

Answer 49

- Inflammation of meninges (Pia, arachonoid and dura) - Increased risk of infarctions, blood clots and hydrocephaly - Presentation: can present as acute (hours - days); subacute (2 plus weeks); chronic (1 month plus) - headache, fever, vomitting, rigidity of the neck - Treament considerations: monitor vitals, mobilize as tolerated, elevate the patient toward vertical position slowly - Types: 1) Aseptic: fungus, 2) TB: absess or edema, 3) Bacterial: in child or infant - Test: Brudzinski's sign: knees and hips will flex when neck is passively flexed in supine

Answer 50

- Infection of the brain and spinal cord - Caused by infection (viral, bacterial) - S/S: headache, nausea, vomitting, decreased LOC, coma - Last for days - months - Can result in focal brain damage

Answer 51

- From bacteria (from tick) - May occur in stages - Stage one: local presentation: local rash, erythema, flu like symptoms - Stage two: infection spreads through blood stream - headache and stiff neck, Bell's palsy, MSK fatigue and weakness, tachy, brady, arrythmia, myocarditis - Stage three: long term neurological issues - neuropathy, arthritis, cognitive deficits - Mimics MS, fibro, chronic fatigue syndrome, GBS - PT Treatment: releive pain, prep deconditioned patients for home exercises, improve functional strength, educate on FITT, pace and plan, exercise without exacerbating symptoms

Answer 52

- Rare, chronic autoimmune disease - Antibodies block acetacholine (ACh) receptors at post synaptic membrane of neuromuscular junction - Failure of muscle contraction due to impaired nerve signal - Characteristics: weakness and increased fatigue with repeat contraction, improved with rest - Facial muscles: eye muscles - Progression to generalized muscle weakness - Proximal muscles more involved than distal - PT Treatment: Strengthening after administering ACh inhibitors (prevent breakdown of ACh in neuro junction), exercise followed by rest, breathing exercises, pacing and planning, energy conservation

Answer 53

- Clinical manifestations: slow progression with new asymmetrical muscle weakness and atrophy, polio gait (atrophy of quads leads to inability to keep knee extended in heel strike - knee pushed back to keep from buckling), abnormal levels of fatigue, muscle pain, sensory not affected - PT Treatment: general body conditioning, light to moderate aerobic conditioning, balance period of rest and activity, do not exercise to point of fatigue, exercise when less fatigued (mornings normally best), education on energy conservation, breathing exercises, strength varies throughout the day

Answer 54

- Depleted bone mineral density (BMD) - Women 10x more than men, especially post menopause - Risk factors: 50+ years old, gender F>M, inactivity, menopause hereditary factors, nutrition, smoking, long term steroid use - Common fracture areas: thoracic spine, femoral neck, proximal humerus, proximal tibia, pelvis, distal radius

Answer 55

- Chin poke/head forward posture - Increased thoracic kyphosis - Increased lordosis - Rounded/protracted shoulders - Loss of lumbar lordosis

Answer 56

- Thoracic extension - Lumbar extension - AO flexion/upper cervical flexion (chin tuck) - Cervical rotation

Answer 57

- Softening of the bones caused by impaired bone metabolism due to inadequate levels of available phosphate, calcium and vitamin D or because of resorption of calcium. - Known as "Rickets" in children - Present with diffuse joint and bone pain, muscle weakness, soft deformed bones, fractures due to weight bearing, forward flexed posture

Answer 58

- Caused by excessive breakdown and formation of bone, followed by disorganized bone remodelling - Causes bones to weaken, resulting in pain, misshapen bones, fractures and arthritis. - Pelvis, femur, and lower lumbar vertebrae are most commonly affected

Answer 59

- Brittle bone disease - Genetic disorder - Involved defective development of connective tissue (lack of type 1 collagen) - Varies in severity (mild-severe)

Answer 60

- Vary rare, inherited deficiency in carbonic anhydrase - Osteoclast dysfunction - do not get bone breakdown - Despite excess bonem this patient population has brittle bones and an increased risk of fracture

Answer 61

- Inflammation response in bone, caused by infection (usually due to staph infection) - Can occur with sepsis, open trauma, infected surgical implant - Children and immunosuppressed at highest risk - M>F - Red flags: non mechanical pain (pain at night and at rest), systemic features (fever, redness, heat, swelling, feeling of malaise)

Answer 62

- Real or perceived damaging stimuli. Signals travel to brain via lateral spinothalamic tract. - 2 types of fibres conduct at different speeds which explains why we initially feel a sharp localized pain when injured but this turns into a dull pain - A delta (sharp, high threshold) - C fibers (low threshold, unmyelinated, aching, diffuse) -- meds don't work well

Answer 63

- Pain that persists past the normal time of healing (6 months after an injury)

Answer 64

- Heart: chest and upper arm (typical), back, neck, jaw or stomach (atypical) - Kidney: may refer to lumbar spine (ispilateral flank) or upper abdomen - Kidney stones: acute flank pain radiating to groin/perineal - Urinary bladder: subpubic or thoracolumbar region - Diaphragm: refers to C4 dermatome region - Gallbladder: posterior thorax - Appendix: R lower quad

Answer 65

- Diagnosed by exclusion - Persistent ot relasping fatigue for a least 6 months, not resolved with bed rest, reduced daily activity by at least 50% - Cause is unknown - Typically occurs after viral infection but may be linked to hormones - Treatment: analgesics, anti-inflammatories, NSAIDs, nutrition, psych support - PT Treatment: build up exercise tolerance, check O2 levels

Answer 66

- Chronic pain syndrome affecting muscle and soft tissue - S/S: headaches, sensitivity to stimuli, fatigue, muscle pain, generalized aching, sleep disturbances - Anxiety and depression are common - 18 tender points, 9 pairs: occiput, low cervical, traps, supraspinatus, second rib, lateral epicondyle, gluteal, greater trochanter, knee - Treatment: anti-inflamm, muscle relaxants, psychosocial support, nutrition - PT Treatment: energy conservation, aquatic therapy, pain relief modalities, acupuncture, light aerboic exercise, strengthening and stretches, breathing and relaxation

Answer 67

- BMI = weight (kg)/height (m2) - Abdominal obesity = independent predictor or morbidity and mortatility - Health risks assoicated with obesity: increase CVA, strokem HTN, lipids, type 2 diabetes, gallballer disease, menstral irregularity, cancer, osteoarthritis, breathing problems - "Treatment": lifestyle changes, behaviour therapy, pharmacology surgery, exercise program

Answer 68

- Tumour or neoplasm: benign or malignant, soft tissue or bone - Most significant symptoms of growing neoplasm is pain - Metastasis: cancer cells travel through the blood stream and begin growing far away from original tumour - Risk factors: chemicals, radiation, viral, genetics, obesity, high in fat diet, low in vitamin diet, chronic stress

Answer 69

1. Carcinoma: tend to grow more quickly 2. Sarcoma: grow more slowly but are relentless 3. Lymphoma: some slow and some fast growing 4. Leukemia's and myelomas: affect blood and blood forming organs

Answer 70

- Fatigue, pulmonary fibrosis, renal failure, sterility, peripheral neuropathy - Chemo can be absorbed through the skin - contact precautions

Answer 71

- Fatigue management, function and mobility management, bed mobility and positioning, symptom management, exercises

Answer 72

- Regain pain free full ROM of shoulder - Prevention and reduction of edema - Early post of exercise

Answer 73

- Strict isolation and bed rest - Focus on restoring function and overcoming deconditioning - If platelets less than 20,000 then exercise is a contraindication

Answer 74

- No cancer but common after radiation, older age, axillary lymph node dissection, arm infection/injury, obesity and weight gain - Two types: primary (rare, inherited) and secondary (identifiable damage or too obstruction of normally functioning lymph nodes)

Answer 75

- Protect your arm and leg - Rest your arm or leg while recovering - Avoid heat on your arm or leg - Elevate your arm or leg - Avoid tight clothing - Keep your limb clean

Answer 76

- Exercise: light exercise - Wrapping - Massage - Pneumatic compression - Compression garments

Answer 77

- Precautions: swollen ankle, fatigue, vomiting, diarrhea, unexplained weight loss/gain, SOB with low level of exertion, anemia, low platelets, low WBC - Contraindications: racing pulse, fever, pain in back or neck or bone, calf pain, chest pain, nauseated with exercising, confused or disorientated, dizzy or faint, blurred vision, sudden SOB, very weak or tired

Answer 78

- Unexplained weight loss - Night pain - Night sweats - Feeling of malaise

Answer 79

AIDS: CNS manifestation of HIV - Cause: HIV1 or HIV2, loss of immune system function - Transmission: blood, semen, CSF, breast milk, vaginal/cervical secretions - NOT IN: urine, stool, sweat, vomit, saliva, tears, nasal secretions - S/S: alterations in memory, confusion, disorientation, motor defects, ataxia, gait disturbances, loss of fine motor coordination, peripheral neuropathy

Answer 80

- Moderate aerobic, strength, avoid exhaustive exercise - Acute: reduce to mild levels, activity pacing, energy conservation, stress and pain management, maintain tissue length - Chronic: maintain growth and development, improve QOL, decrease pain - Use PPE when exposed to blood

Answer 81

- Livers main function is to allow fluid to enter tissues, clotting factors, ammonia metabolism, remove bilirubin from break down of RBCs - S/S: jaundice, itching, big belly, low albumin, bleeding, esophageal varices

Answer 82

- Hep A: transmitted by fecal-oral route, usually acute, self-limited episode, vaccine - Hep B: transmitted by mucous membrane, perinatal, sexual transmission and injection drug use, no cure, vaccine available - Hep C: transmitted by injection, sexual contact, perinatal and hemodialysis, no vaccine

Answer 83

- Bleeding disorder - Genetics: hereditary clotting factor deficiencies - X linked recessive gene - Males have the condition and the gene causes it is carried by women - S/S: big bruises, bleeding in muscle and joints, especially knees, elbows and ankles, prolonged bleeding after a cut/tooth removal - Joint bleed symptoms: tightness and pain before any bleeding, swollen and hot to touch, hard to move, all movement lost, severe pain - Treat joint bleeds: VIII factor given

Answer 84

- Deficient RBCs, hematocrit or Hb - Effects amount of O2 that can be carried to the cells - Normal Hb levels = 14-18 M and 12-16 F - If Hb drops < 8 then exercise needs to be decreased - From blood loss, destruction or decreased or improper production

Answer 85

- Inaffective carbohydrate metabolism; results in hyperglycemia - Type 1: Insulin Dependent - S/S; increased urination, weight loss, dehydration - Type 2: Insulin resistance - S/S: obses, hyperpigmented skin in axilla, groin and back of neck, HTN, nerve, kidney or heart problems - Common issues: ketoacidosis - dangerous ketone levels in the blood (drop pH) + pressure ulcers - Have snack before exercise, monitor blood sugar levels, avoid exercise at night

Answer 86

- Dizzy, nausea, weak, unsteady gait, confusion, fainting - Administer sugar and monitor blood glucose - Exercise will drop blood sugar so be aware

Answer 87

- Blurred vision, fatigue, polydipsia (excessive thirst), frequent urination, abnormal breathing, acetone breath, weak and rapid pulse, weakness - Long term affects: damage to small vessels, large vessels, peripheral neuropathy

Answer 88

- Infection/trauma --> SIRS (Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome) --> Sepsis --> Severe Sepsis --> Septic Shock - More likely after a viral illness (like a cold) or minor injury - Potential complications: respiratory failure, renal failure, GI bleed, anemia, DVT, IV catheter-related bacteria, electrolyte abnormalities, hyperglycemia

Answer 89

- Non specific can be caused by ischemia, inflammation, trauma, infection - Not always related to infection - Need to have 2 or more of the following: fever more than 38 or less than 36, heart rate more than 90, RR more than 20, abnormal WBC count

Answer 90

- Two of following: body temp above 38.3 or below 36, HR higher than 90, RR higher than 20

Answer 91

- Upgraded to severe sepsis if exhibit at least one of the following that indicate organ is failing: decrease in urine output, change in mental status, decrease in platelet count, difficulty breathing, abnormally heart pumping, abdominal pain

Answer 92

- S/S of severe sepsis plus extremely low blood pressure

Answer 93

- Vascular: ischemia, diabetes, arterial insufficiency, peripheral vascular disease - Malignant tumours - Trauma

Answer 94

- Age - Gangrene - Infection - Comorbidites - Complications - Sensory neuropathy - Ischemia - Endocrine control and pathogens (MRSA and Staph)

Answer 95

- Transfemoral: above knee - Transtibial: below knee - Ankle disarticulation - Symes

Answer 96

- Stump or incisional pain: tenderness in the stump, around area where the skin was cut - Phantom sensation: tingling, pressure, itching or tickling in the part of the leg that has been removed - Nerve or neuropathic pain: mild to severe buringing, squeezing, cramping or stabbing pain in your stump

Answer 97

- Hip AB in side lying - Hip EX in side lying - SLR - Bridging - Quad sets - Quads over roll - Knee extension in sitting - Hamstring curls - Arm exercises

Answer 98

- Wash hands before touching stump - Rinse the soap off stump well and pat dry - Use clean cotton for cleaning skin folds - Check stump each day - Check for signs of pressure or infection - Touch and gently massage your stump regularly to decrease the sensitivity

Answer 99

- Put lotion on open areas or broken skin - Put any chemical or strong ointments on your stump - Expose your stump to extreme temps - Use heating or ice on stump - Touch open or broken skin - stump could become infected

Answer 100

- Redness or heat along incision - Green, yellow or white drainage - Opening on incision - Fever and chills or flu like symptoms with any drainage from your incision

Answer 101

- Can involve joints, kidney, CNS, pulmonary, butterfly rash, localized erythema and edema, alopecia, photosensitive, mucosal ulcers, Raynaud's, effusion in joints, positive for ANA

Answer 102

- Rare autoimmune disease affecting blood vessels and connective tissue - Characterized by fibrous degeneration of connective tissue of the skin, lungs and internal organs - Autoimmunity provokes massive fibrotic tissue response which can lead to joint contractors, PF and GI dysmotility

Answer 103

- Genetic - Defect in collagen synthesis, displays hypermobility can affect cardaic

Answer 104

- Genetic - Lack of fibrin, long hands, loose joints, scoliosis, often eye and heart involvement

Answer 105

- Genetic - Multiple joint dislocations - Foot deformities - Prominent forehead - Wide spaced eyes

Answer 106

- Growth of cartilage in the epiphyses of the bones resulting in the limbs remaining short and is transmitted as an autosomal dominant gene

Answer 107

- Cluster of disorders affect epiphyseal growth plates, short stature and limbs

Answer 108

- Rare genetic disorder characterized by twisting of metatarsals

Answer 109

- Outer part of shaft of long bone is thinner than normal

Answer 110

- Both have over active pituitary gland and causing increase growth hormone - Giantism in children, affects growth plates/long bones = really tall individuals - Acromegaly in adults causing enlarged hands, feet and face in adults

Answer 111

- Thermal or not thermal - Flame burns, hot liquids, contact burns (stove), electrical burns, chemical burns, friction burns, radiation burns

Answer 112

First: Superficial - just redness Second: Partial thickness (epidermia and part of dermis) - blistering Third: Full thickness (epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous) - necrosis

Answer 113

- Coagulation: the point of maximum damage, irrevserible - Statis: decreased tissue perfusion, potentially salvageable - Hyperemia: will recover unless severe spesis

Answer 114

- Assesses percentage of burns in adults - Head 9 - Anterior trunk 18 - Posterior trunk 18 - One arm 9 - One leg 18 - Groin 1

Answer 115

Head 18 - Anterior trunk 18 - Posterior trunk 18 - One arm 9 - One leg 14 - Groin 1

Answer 116

- Cardiovascular system: increased capillary permeability, intersitial edema, peripheral vasoconstriction, hypovpemia, myocardial depression, hypotension and decreased organ perfusion - Resp system: bronchoconstriction, ARDS - Metabolism: increased 3x and can persist up to two years post - Immune system: compromised - Renal: due to loss of fluid, there is vasoconstriction, decreased GFR, increased myoglobin gets processed by kidneys and can block tubules

Answer 117

- Singed eyebrows/nasal hairs/burnt face - Black oral/nasal discharge - Swollen lips - Hoarse voice - Abnormal oxygenation - History of being enclosed in closed room - Inhalation injury process within 24 hours - 24-48 just pulmonary edema - 48 hours + bronchiolitis, alveolitis, pneumonia, ARDS

Answer 118

- Early mobilization - Breathing exercises - Postural drainage - Medication

Answer 119

- Prevent respiratory complication - Control edema - Maintain joint ROM - Maintain strength - Prevent excessive scarring - Mobility started immediately - AROM and PROM

Answer 120

- Safe position for wrist: wrist 30, MCP 70 and DIP/PIP 0 -Common contractures: neck flexion, neck extension, limited abduction, elbow flexion, hip flexion - Will want to be in position that does not pull skin

Answer 121

- Exposed joint - Fresh skin graft - DVT - Compartment syndrome

Answer 122

- Scar massage - Sun protection - ROM - Pressure garments - Strengthening can begin in 3-4 weeks with consent from specialist

Answer 123

- Autoimmune disease that effects skin - Finger nails can be affected - Scalp, hands, soles of feet, genitals - Complications: desire to scratch, increased risk of CVD, shortened lifespan

Answer 124

- Imflammation of dermis - Itchy, red, scaly disorder - Two types: atopic or contact

Answer 125

- Commonly due to chicken pox or shingles

Answer 126

- Shingles - Pain and tingling along dermatome, rash/blister last up to one month, pain described as burning, stabbing, aching, fever, GI distrubances, malaise, headache

Answer 127

- Regulated by amygdala, SNS and adrenals S/S: increased muscle tension, headaches, abdominal pain, decreased immune fxn, anxiety, moodiness, irritability, withdrawal

Answer 128

- Hyperthyriodism: elevation of metabolism & HR, swelling and enlargement in anterior neck, increased HR/RR, palpitations, breathlessness, CNS changes, MSK changes

Answer 129

- Causes: hyperthyroidism, anterior pituitary tumor - S/S: fever, weight loss, exercise intolerance, goiters, bulging eyes, tachycardia

Answer 130

- Increase calcium in blood - Taken from bone

Answer 131

- Secretes hormones - Part of fight or flight

Answer 132

- Metabolic disorder resulting from prolonged exposure to cortisol - Causes: tumor, anterior pituitary tumor, medications - S/S: HTN, moon face, central obesity, abdominal striations, acne

Answer 133

- Autoimmune process against the adrenal cortex, fatal if not treated, great prognosis if treated - S/S: weakness, fatigue, anorexia, hypoatremia, hypoglycemia, hyperpigmentation

Answer 134

- S/S: increased thrist, anxious, nausea, increased and weak HR, cold/clammy, increased and shallow RR, dilated pupils, altered LOC

Answer 135

- Not due to elevated temps - Sudden stop in exercise causes pooling in LE and decreased central volume - Results in postural hypotension, reversed by supine lying with pelvis/legs elevated

Answer 136

- Body temp > 40 - Dizziness - Weakness - Headache - Altered sensorium - Hypotension - Tachycardia - Hyperventilating - Rapid pulse - Treatment: cooling by promptly immersing in ice water bath for 5-10 mins, fluids

Answer 137

- Results in weakness, fatigue, and loss of motor tone - Blurred vision and elevated body temperature

Answer 138

- Depletion of both water and salt - After vig PE in hot environments

Answer 139

- Schizophrenia: mood shifts, bizarre ideas, widthdrawn - Paranoia: delusions, suspicious - Anxiety: PTSD, panic, OCD - Depression - Bipolar disorder

Answer 140

- Most common type - Slow progressive brain disease - Brain changes

Answer 141

- Similar to Alzheimer's but have earlier symptoms of sleep disturbances, well formed visual hallucinations and slowness, gait imbalance

Answer 142

- Fatal brain disorder - Rapid progression

Answer 143

- From alcohol misuse - Memory problems - Brain changes

Level One Diseases Flashcards

Diseases and Conditions (168 cards)