Levels of organisation and anatomical positions Flashcards
(42 cards)
What is anatomy?
The study of the structure and shape of the body and body parts as well as their relationship to one another.
For example, to describe the anatomy of the stomach, one might discuss its size, shape, color, and location.
What is physiology?
The study of how the body and its parts work or function.
For example, to describe the physiology of the stomach, one might discuss the muscular contractions that mix food or the contents of gastric juice and its effect on food.
How are structure and function related?
Structure and function are closely related; how something is shaped directly affects how it functions.
What is homeostasis?
The ability of the body to maintain a stable internal environment.
What is negative feedback?
A response to an imbalance that works to restore balance.
An example of this is when body temperature rises blood vessels dilate resulting in heat loss to the environment, swea glands secrete fluid, and as the fluid evaporates heat if lost to the environment on the other hand when body temperature falls blood vessels constrict so that heat is conserved, sweat glands do not secrete fluid and shivering occurs ( involuntary contracting of musles ) generating heat which warms the body, heat is retained
What is positive feedback?
A response to an imbalance that works to exaggerate the imbalance. It continues to occur until a final goal is reached
This could be childbirth, the brain stimulates the pituitary gland to secrete oxytocin, oxytocin is carried in the blood stream to the uterus, oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions and pushes the baby away towards the cervix, head of the baby pushes against the cervix and nerve impulses from the cervic is transmitted to the brain this process continues until the baby is born
Provide two examples of positive feedback.
- Blood clotting
- Childbirth
What initiates uterine contractions during childbirth?
Oxytocin released from the pituitary gland.
What are the levels of organization in the body?
- Cells
- Tissues
- Organs
- Organ (body) systems
- Organisms
What is the basic unit of life?
Cells.
What is the function of lysosomes?
Breaks down waste products.
What is the function of the Golgi complex?
Stores, modifies, and secretes proteins and lipids.
What do ribosomes do?
Continually make proteins.
Fill in the blank: The _______ controls the substances that enter and leave the cell.
Cell membrane
What is the function of mitochondria?
Converts oxygen into ATP (energy) through cellular respiration.
What are the four main types of tissue?
- Epithelial tissue
- Connective tissue
- Muscle tissue
- Nervous tissue
What is the primary function of epithelial tissue?
protects the body, absorbs nutrients, secretes substances and helps in filtration, it protects underling tissues from damaged pathogens
What is connective tissue primarily responsible for?
Protecting, supporting, and holding organs in place, stores energy.
List the three types of muscle tissue.
- Skeletal muscles
- Cardiac muscles - heart
- Smooth muscles - found in the walls of hollow organs
What is the function of nervous tissue?
Receive and conduct electrochemical impulses.
What are the major organ systems of the body?
- Integumentary
- Muscular
- Skeletal
- Nervous
- Endocrine
- Cardiovascular
- Immune/lymphatic
- Respiratory
- Digestive
- Urinary
- Reproductive
What organs are part of the respiratory system?
- Lungs
- Pharynx
- Larynx
- Trachea
What is the function of the cytoskeleton?
Holds organelles in place and gives the cell shape.
What are the functions of muscle tissue?
Specialized to contract or relax to produce movement.
