Levels Of Prevention

Question 1

Levels of prevention?

Answer 1

Primordial-Primary
Secondary
Tertiary

Question 2

Primordial prevention?

Answer 2

Implementing health policies to minimize Harvard to health

Question 3

Primary?

Answer 3

Preventing biological startpoint, reducing risk factors.
Promoting healthy environment and lifestyle by health education.

Vaccination

Question 4

Secondary?

Answer 4

Screening and testing individuals with risk of having disease based on symptoms.
Prompting intervention treatments to provide greater chance of recovery.

Example: doing a Pap smear for someone with familial history of cervical cancer, running genetic tests.

Question 5

Tertiary?

Answer 5

Preventing relapse of established disease

Apply rehabilitation, therapy and monitoring

Question 6

Risk factors?

Answer 6

1) Poor nutrition; can cause obesity which can lead to hypertension, stroke, musculoskeletal disease, injuries etc.
•Obesity is high in Hungary.

2) Physical inactivity; leading cause of death in 1/4 adults and >80% of kids.

3) Excessive alcohol consumption; around 6% of deaths, cause above 200 diseases and injuries.
• Lithuania is highest but Hungary is top 15 countries(higher that 10)

4) Smoking; kills like 7M yearly and above 6M is direct smokers the others are from second hand smoke.

Question 7

BMI?

Answer 7

Weight/height x 2
•<16.5 - severely underweight
• 16.5-18.5 - underweight
• 18.5-25 - normal
•25-30 - overweight
•30-35 - obese
•35-40 -clinically obese
•>40 - dangerously obese

Question 8

In Hungary?

Answer 8

62% of women are overweight
•70% are obese(75+ years)
67% of men are overweight
•83% are obese(75+)

Question 9

Waist circumference?

Answer 9

Men — >94cm(Incereased risk)
>102cm(High risk)

Women — >80
>88

Question 10

Measure overweight?

Answer 10

Skin fold thickness:
Bicipital
Tricipital
Sub-scapular
Suprailacal

Question 11

Measurement of Body composition?

Answer 11

Use bio electric impedance devices

Body fat%
Skeletal muscle%
Visceral fat
BMI

Question 12

Healthy eating plate?

Answer 12

Vegetables > Protein > Whole grains > Fruits

Question 13

Recommend physical activity?

Answer 13

75 minutes high intensity or 150 minutes moderate intensity.

Moderate intensity- accelerated breathing but still able to talk.
High intensity- deeper breath, only few words.

Question 14

Health benefits of physical activity?

Answer 14

Lower rates of depression, stroke, cancers, high bp, obesity.
Enhanced bone health, muscle fitness, cognitive function.

Question 15

Risks of alcohol consumption?

Answer 15

Short term
Injuries, violence, alcohol poisoning.

Long term
High bp, cancers, mental and social health problems, addiction.

Question 16

Recommended amount of alcohol?

Answer 16

Formerly 2 drinks for men but now 1 drink for everyone, 14units weekly.
One drink is a glass of:
• 5% alcohol content beer
• 40% alcohol content spirits
• 12% alcohol content wines

Question 17

People who shouldn’t drink?

Answer 17

Drivers, pregnant women, on drugs, recovering alcoholics, under 21.

Question 18

Adverse effects of smoking?

Answer 18

Cancers, cardiovascular diseases, COPD, infertility, osteoporosis.

Question 19

Second hand smoke?

Answer 19

Can cause sudden death in infants, low birth weight for newborns.
28% of children death.

Question 20

5 A’s?

Answer 20

Ask about tobacco use
Advice to quit
Assess willingness to quit
Assist with help to quit
Arrange follow ups.

Question 21

5 R’s?

Answer 21

Relevance of quitting
Risks associated with smoking
Rewards of stopping smoking
Roadblocks that may hinder quitting
Repetition of intervention each visit

Question 22

Environmental causes of cancer?

Answer 22

Doll and Peto:
Diet, smoking, infection, sexual behavior, occupation, alcohol, geophysical factors, pollution and drugs.

Question 23

Smoking cessation support program?

Answer 23

Behavior therapy; every 3 weeks then 4,6,12 months.
Pharmaco-therapeutic methods; nicotine replacement therapy