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Fundamentals of Anatomy and Biomechanics > Lever and Segmental Analysis > Flashcards

Lever and Segmental Analysis Flashcards

1
Q

What is the equation for Pythagoras Theory?

A

a² + b² = c²

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2
Q

What is the equation for sin ?

A

Opposite / Hypotenuse

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3
Q

What is the equation for cos?

A

Adjacent / Hypotenuse

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4
Q

What is the equation for tan?

A

Opposite / Adjacent

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5
Q

What kind of ‘machine’ is a lever system?

A

A simple machine that allows us to gain a mechanical advantage in moving an object

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6
Q

What kind of ‘bar’ is a lever system?

A

A rigid bar that moves on a fixed point called the fulcrum when a force is applied to it

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7
Q

What are lever systems in humans formed from?

A

Muscles and joints working together

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8
Q

What do human lever systems make possible?

A

Movement

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9
Q

What, if unequal, lead to movement?

A

Force and resistance

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10
Q

What produces force?

A

Muscles

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11
Q

What is a fulcrum?

A

A joint

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12
Q

What is a lever?

A

A bone

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13
Q

What is a resistance?

A

A weight

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14
Q

What is Force (F1) and (F2)?
Give examples.

A

F1= Muscle, biceps brachii
F2= Weight (resistance), weight of forearm or a dumb bell

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15
Q

What is Distance (D1) and (D2)?
Give examples.

A

D1 = distance between the joint and the tendon, e.g. distance between elbow joint and radial tuberosity
D2 = distance between the joint and the weight, e.g. distance between the elbow joint and the CoM of the forearm plus dumb bell

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16
Q

How many different types of levers are in the human body?

A

Three

17
Q

What are the three different types of levers?

A

1st class = Fulcrum between F1 and F2
2nd class = F2 between F1 and fulcrum
3rd class = F1 between F2 and fulcrum

18
Q

What are mechanical advantages of a 2nd class lever?

A
  • A ratio greater than 1.0 allows the applied force to be less than the resistive force to produce an equal amount of torque
  • The required muscle force is smaller than the resistive force
    -The range of motion is small, which is a limitation
19
Q

What are mechanical disadvantages of a 1st class lever?

A

-D1 is always much smaller than D2, which means F1 must be greater than F2
-This configuration allows a large range of movements

20
Q

What are mechanical disadvantages of a 3rd class lever?

A

-The ratio is less than 1.0, the muscle force must be greater than the resistive force to produce torque equal to that produced by the resistive force
-Most of the skeletal muscles operate at a considerable mechanical disadvantage as 3rd class levers
-During physical activity, forces in the muscles and tendons are much higher than those exerted by the hands or feet on external objects or the ground
-This configuration allows a large range of movements

21
Q

What is mass defined as?

A

‘the quantity of matter composing a body’

22
Q

What is the unique point in every object called?

A

Centre of Mass (CoM), which the objects mass is equally distributed in all directions

23
Q

Why is finding the CoM important?

A

As this is the point which effectively represents the whole object

24
Q

Where does the CoM lie in humans?

A

Approximately anterior to the second sacral vertebra

25
Q

When does the location of CoM of the human body change?

A

With movements of the body segments

26
Q

What is the body individually composed of?

A

Segments, all which have an individual centre of mass

27
Q

What is the TOTAL centre of mass?

A

Is a function of the locations of the respective segmental centres of mass

28
Q

What is the mass of each segment considered as?

A

A percentage of the overall body mass

29
Q

What are the errors in normative anthropometric data?

A

-From limited numbers of individuals or cadavers
-Most of the time caucasian males
-None specifically for athletic population/specific sport
-Definition of segments varies
-No children
-Segments aren’t evenly dense
-Trunk is difficult to divide into segments

30
Q

What can new approaches to evaluate body segments be used based on?

A

Medical imaging, such as MRI, DEXA, which gets specific variables for each athlete

31
Q

What is the position of the centre of mass of each segment calculated as?

A

A percentage of the distance along its centreline from the proximal or distal end

32
Q

What does motion capture data give us?

A

The coordinates of the joint centre locations (segment endpoints)

33
Q

What can you calculate from knowing the coordinates of the joint centre locations?

A

Each segments location of centre of mass and then overall centre of mass for the body

Fundamentals of Anatomy and Biomechanics (14 decks)

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