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levine - 2001 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is altruism?

A

A selfless concern of the wellbeing of others and the willingness to do things that would advantage others even if it disadvantages yourself

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2
Q

What are examples of altruism?

A
  • giving money to a homeless person
  • giving last piece of food to someone
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3
Q

What are not examples of altruism?

A
  • offering something and then expecting something of equal value back
  • wanting to be praised or rewarded for helping
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4
Q

What is the background to Levine?

A

The theories of helping behaviour

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5
Q

What is helping behaviour?

A

Voluntary actions intended to help others and is a form of pro-social behaviour

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6
Q

What is selection theory?

A

Suggests that people help those who are of a similar genetic base - family - as this may favour their chance of survival

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7
Q

What is the weakness of the selection theory?

A

It does not explain why people help those who are not related to one and other

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8
Q

What is Reciprocal Altruism?

A

Suggests that people are incentivised to help based on expectation of potential receipt in the future

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9
Q

What is an example of reciprocal altruism?

A

Big fish who let little fish into their mouths to clean their teeth without eating them

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10
Q

What is Responsibility-Prosocial Value Orientation?

A

Suggests that the reason people help is because we have a belief that it is one’s responsibility to help - especially combined with the belief that one is able to help the other person

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11
Q

What is Social Exchange Theory?

A

Suggests that people help because they want to gain goods from the one being helped and so they calculate the rewards and costs of helping - aiming to maximise the rewards and minimise the costs

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12
Q

How does culture affect helping behaviour?

A

Whether it is a individualistic or collectivist culture

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13
Q

What is a collectivist culture?

A

A collectivist culture tends to the needs and goals of the group they belong to

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14
Q

What is an individualist?

A

People who focus on themselves

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15
Q

How do collectivists and individualists relate to helping behaviour?

A

Collectivists are more likely to help in-group members BUT less likely than individualists to help strangers

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16
Q

Why did Levine want to conduct the research?

A

Because almost no systematic cross-cultural research of helping behaviour had been conducted prior

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17
Q

What is the aim of Levine’s study?

A

To investigate helping behaviour in a wide range of cultures

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18
Q

What were the 4 community variables?

A

1- population size
2- economic well-being
3- cultural values (individualist, collectivist & simpatia )
4- walking speed (pace of life)

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19
Q

What is Simpatia?

A

An important value in Latino culture meaning: accord, agreement, and harmony in relationships, marriage, the family, and society

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20
Q

What are the 3 main goals of the study?

A

1- to determine if a city’s tendency to offer NON-EMERGENCY help to strangers is stable across situations over a wide range of cultures
2- to obtain a descriptive body of data on helping behaviour across cultures using identical procedures
3- to identity country-level variables that might relate to differences in helping

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21
Q

What was the sample?

A

individuals within the large cities of 23 countries (in most cases the largest in each)

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22
Q

What are 4 examples of the cities that the sample was from?

A
  • Rio de Janerio (Brazil)
  • Madrid (Spain)
  • Rome (Italy)
  • New York (USA)
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23
Q

Who was excluded from the sample?

A
  • Children (younger than 17)
  • People who were physically disabled
  • Very old
  • Carrying packages
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24
Q

How were participants selected?

A

By approaching the second potential person who crossed a predetermined line

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25
What are the strengths of the sample?
- large = representative = generalisable - diverse = less affected by culture bias
26
What are the weaknesses of the sample?
- still affected by culture bias - does not investigate every country in the world - therefore not completely representative and diverse
27
What is the sampling technique?
Opportunity
28
What is a strength of this sampling technique?
available at the time - quicker to obtain
29
What is a weakness of the sampling technique?
- unrepresentative as all of the sample for each of the countries are likely to be the same type of people as they are all in the same place
30
What is the method?
Quasi-experiment
31
What makes the study a quasi?
the countries which the sample are from
32
What are strengths of this method?
- ecological validity - less chance of researcher bias
33
What are the weaknesses of this method?
- socially sensitive
34
What is the design?
Independent measures design
35
What is the setting?
- main downtown - during main business hours - clear days - during summer months (1992-1997)
36
What were the 3 IVs?
1- dropping a pen 2- hurt/injured leg 3- blind trying to cross the street
37
How are these IVs different compared to Piliavin?
they are non-emergency
38
What was the DV?
helping rate of the 23 individual cities
39
What was calculated from the DV?
an Overall Helping index
40
What were the 3 measures correlated with?
1- population size 2- economic well-being 3- cultural values 4- pace of life
41
How was the community variable of population size measured?
Population size was taken from the United Nations Demographic Yearbook
42
How was the community variable of economic prosperity measured?
Economic prosperity was taken from the Purchasing Power Parity statistics published by the World Bank
43
What did the Purchasing Power Parity statics show?
It was an indicator of the economic wellbeing that is experienced by the average citizen in 1994 - measure of the average income
44
How were cultural values determined?
6 independent cross-cultural psychologists who rated each country from 1 (very collectivist) to 10 (very individualistic) and average ratings were used
45
How was Simpatia indicated?
Spanish and Latin American countries were all classed as simpatia and all others as non-simpatia
46
How can we prove that the Simpatia countries are considered Simpatia and it is not objective?
inter-rater reliablity of 0.92
47
How was Pace of Life measured?
Average walking speed (time taken to walk 60 feet between two markets on flat and unobstructed path) of 35 men and 35 women
48
How was data collected?
By interested and responsible students who were either travelling to foreign countries or returning home for the summer - OR by cross-cultural psychologists and their students in other countries who volunteered
49
What type of data was collected?
Quantitative
50
What are strengths of quantitative data?
easy to compare and analyse as it is objective
51
What are the weaknesses of quantitative data?
does not explain the reasoning behind behaviour - why people helped or did not help
52
Who were the experimenters?
- College aged - Dressed neatly and casually - men
53
Why were all experimenters men?
To control for any experimenter gender effects and to avoid potential in some cities
54
What were the controls?
all experimenters received a detailed instruction sheet & on-site field training
55
What did the on-site field training consist of?
- learning the procedure for participant selection - scoring of participants
56
What is an outline of the dropped pen condition?
- experimenters walked towards a solitary pedestrian (passing in opposite direction) - 10-15 feet away from pedestrian experimenter reached into pocket and accidentally without appearing to notice dropped the pen behind him in FULL VIEW of the participant then carried on walking past
57
What was standardised about the dropped pen procedure?
- experimenters walked at a moderate and carefully practiced pace (15 paces/ 10 seconds)
58
Why was it that a solitary pedestrian was always approached?
so they were not influenced by others
59
How many people were approached for this condition?
424 (approx. 400) - 214 men and 210 women
60
How was helping behaviour measured?
if they: - called back to the experimenter that he dropped his pen - picked up the pen and brought it back to the experimenter
61
What is an outline of the Hurt Leg condition?
- accidentally dropped and struggled to reach down for a pile of magazines - they dropped these magazines when 20 feet from pedestrian
62
What was standardised about the Hurt Leg condition?
- wore a large clearly visible leg brace - walked with a heavy limp
63
How many people were approached for this condition?
493 (approx. 500) - 253 men and 240 women
64
What was considered helping?
- offering to help - beginning to help without offering
65
What is an outline of the Helping a Blind Person Across the Street condition?
- stepped up to a corner just before the light turned green and held out their cane and then waited until someone offered help - trials were terminated after 60s or when the light turned red - then the experimenter walked away from the corner
66
What was standardised about this condition?
- dressed in dark glasses - carrying white cane - downtown corners - steady pedestrian flow
67
How many trials were ran?
281
68
How was helping defined for this condition?
- informing the experimenter that the light was green (minimum)
69
What is a strength about this procedure?
- STANDARDISATION - high control - replicable
70
What is a weakness of the procedure?
The study took place over multiple years so due to environmental changes it is not likely to be identical each year the study was repeated (1992-1997)
71
What were the top 2 most helpful countries and what were their cultures?
1) Brazil (Rio) - 93.33% - Simpatia 2) Costa Rica (San Jose) - 91.33% - collectivist
72
Which were the least 2 helpful countries and what were their cultures?
22) USA (NY) - 44.67% - individualistic 23) Malaysia (Kuala) - 40.33% - collectivist
73
Which was the only community variable which had an impact on helping behaviour?
Economic Wellbeing - Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)
74
What are the explanations?
- faster countries = less likely to give help - no relationship between population size and helping behaviour - Simpatia countries were more helpful than non-simpatia
75
What are the conclusions?
- helping strangers is a cross-culturally meaningful characteristic - faster cities tend to be less helpful than slower - the value of collectivism-individualism is unrelated to helping behaviours
76
What are some ethical issues about this study?
- no informed consent - deception

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