Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Leys Biochem final > Leys > Flashcards

Leys Flashcards

(104 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What are the major intracellular compartments of an animal cell?

A

endosome, cytosol, lysosome, golgi apparatus, peroxisome, mitochondrion, ER with polyribosomes, free poly ribosomes, plasma membrane, nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Proteins that have crossed a membrane are no longer topologically inside the cell. The must ______ the membrane to get back inside the cell.

A

recross

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Vesicles move from compartment to compartment within a cell by _____ and _______

A

budding off, membrane fusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Many proteins have signal sequences at their _____ terminus that direct the proteins to cross the membrane. Fewer proteins have _____ signal sequences

A

amino, internal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The nucleus is surrounded by a ___________ membrane bilayer, however _______ allow molecules, including proteins, to pass from the cytosol into the nucleus and back

A

double lipid, nuclear pores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Larger proteins pass through nuclear pores by an ________

A

active process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

______________ bind to nuclear transport signals found on some nuclear bound proteins and facilitate transport into the nucleus.

A

nuclear import receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

It generally requires multiple signals to transport proteins from the cytosol into the ______ of the mitochondria

A

luman

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

There are multiple protein translocators in the _____________. Each translocator interacts with a specific set of proteins.

A

mitochondrial membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Transport of protein into the mitochondria requires ______.

A

energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Proteins enter peroxisomes using a mechanism similar to ____________.

A

mitochondrial entry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Proteins travel from the ER, through the _______ to many sites.

A

Golgi apparatus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

A _____________ binds to the signal sequence during translation and directs the nascent peptide to the ER membrane.

A

signal recognition protein (SRP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Proteins bound for the mitochondria are translated in the _____ and then transported through the mitochondrial membrane. A process that requires _____.

A

Cytosol, ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Proteins that are headed into or through the ER are transported through the ER membrane during _____. This process does not require any additional energy.

A

translation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

___________ modification of proteins in the ER helps direct them to their ultimate location.

A

Carbohydrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The “default pathway” if there are no other signals directing the protein to other locations, is to send the protein to the _______.

A

cell surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

In the regulated secretory pathway, cells store proteins in __________ until they are signaled to release them from the cell by fusion of the vesicles with the cellular membrane.

A

secretory vesicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Several factors contribute to the state of nutrition including:

A

appetite, energy expenditure, genotype, digestion, metabolism, availability of food, customs and presence of disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

____, _____, and ____ are important regulators of food intake.

A

Leptin, Ghrelin, Insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Leptin circulates in the body at levels proportional to _________.

A

body fat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Leptin signals the brain that the body has had enough to ____, or _____.

A

eat, satiety

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

_________ tissue produces adipokines that regulate metabolic processes to meet the body’s needs.

A

Adipose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

AMP and AMP/ATP regulate ____________ that senses cellular energy levels

A

AMP-activated kinase (AMPK)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
______ regulates rate-limiting enzymes in energy-producing and using pathways.
AMPK
26
High levels of AMPK activity inhibit ______________ pathways and stimulate ______________ pathways
energy-utilizing, energy-generating
27
Increased Ghrelin increases _______.
appetite
28
______ favors accumulation of lipids in the visceral fatty tissue.
Ghrelin
29
Estimated average requirements (EAR) for calories changes with _____ and ______. Estimated daily protein requirements vary with _____ and _____.
age, sex (for both)
30
The ideal amount of calorie intake in a day is equal to the _____________ for that day.
calorie utilization
31
_____________ for a nutrient is a value that is adequate for the great majority of individuals. The _______________ reflects the amount that is adequate for half the population.
Recommended daily allowance (RDA), Estimated average requirement (EAR)
32
Different nutrients have different energy content. ___ has the highest energy content per weight. Alcohol has a high energy content.
fat
33
Increases in obesity are correlated with an increase in the use of _______________.
high fructose corn syrup
34
High fructose corn syrup is made by breaking down corn starch into glucose using ______ followed by conversion to fructose using _____________.
amylase, glucose isomerase
35
There are several potential health issues association with consumption of high fructose corn syrup including:
mercury exposure, hypertension, elevated cholesterol, long-term liver damage, increased risk of diabetes, weight gain and diabetes
36
Protein-calorie malnutrition causes a number of health problems including:
decreased protein synthesis and glucose transport, fatty liver, liver necrosis and fibrosis, depression, hypothermia, compromised immune function and wound healing, decreased cardiac and renal function, loss of muscle
37
Obesity is associated with an increased risk for several conditions including:
type 2 diabetes, hypertension and stroke, dyslipidemia, gall stones, respiratory disorders, musculoskeletal disorders and several cancers including breast, endometrial, ovarian, gall bladder and colon
38
The difference in the structures of cis and trans fatty acids
cis - side chains are on the same side of the double bond | trans - side chains are on opposite sides
39
_____ fatty acids are not essential and provide no benefit to human health
trans
40
Saturated fats increase levels of ___ cholesterol
LDL (bad cholesterol)
41
Trans fats increase levels of ___ and also lower levels of ___; thus increasing the risk of coronary heart disease
LDL, HDL (good cholesterol)
42
The differences between fat soluble and water soluble vitamins
Vitamins B and C is a water soluble vitamin - not stored for long periods of time but are used right away. Vitamins A, D, E, K are fat soluble - they dissolve in fat and get distributed into the blood stream when needed
43
Measurement of vitamin levels in the blood relate more to __________ than to overall body status.
recent intake
44
_____-soluble vitamins act as coenzymes in many metabolic pathways
water
45
The body has no storage capacity for water-soluble vitamins - except _____.
B12
46
Evidence is emerging that suggests an excess of some __ vitamins can be toxic.
B
47
Most vitamins are modified before they become ____.
active
48
B vitamins (B1, B2/B3, B6, Biotin, Folic acid/B12) are co-enzymes in different types of reactions:
``` B1 - carbozylations B2/B3 - oxidoreductases B6 - transaminases Biotin - carboxylases Folic acid/B12 - single carbon transfers ```
49
Lack of riboflavin causes ___________.
angular stomatitis
50
Eating raw egg whites can cause ___________
biotin deficiency
51
Folic acid is needed, indirectly, for __________.
DNA synthesis
52
inhibitors of folate reduction are used as ________ and __________ therapy.
antibiotics (trimethoprim), cancer therapy (methotrexate)
53
There is an increased demand for folic acid during _______.
pregnancy
54
_________ deficiency is one of the most common vitamin deficiencies.
Folic acid deficiency
55
The functions of B12 and ______ are interrelated.
folic acid
56
B12 is concentrated in the _________.
liver
57
Vitamin C deficiency causes _____ resulting in defective collagen synthesis.
scurvy
58
Lack of vitamin C also impairs ______ function
immune
59
___-soluble vitamins are not as readily absorbed as ___-soluble vitamins, but can be stored in tissues.
Fat, water
60
Some fat soluble vitamins (A & D) can be _____ in excess.
toxic
61
Vitamin A is teratogenic and should be avoided during ________.
pregnancy
62
____________ is a signaling molecule that interacts with ligand-activated transcription factors.
Retinoic acid
63
Deficiency of vitamin A causes _____________.
night blindness
64
Vitamin D regulates ________ and _____________.
calcium, phosphorous homeostasis
65
The majority of vitamin D is produced by ___ exposure of skin
UV
66
People in northern climates have a difficult time getting sufficient vitamin ___ in the winter
D
67
Deficiency of Vitamin ___ causes demineralization of bones with increased susceptibility to fractures
D
68
Vitamin D deficiency is link to ______________
early childhood caries
69
Vitamin ___ is necessary for blood coagulation
K
70
lactic acid structure
C3H6O3
71
There are close to 3 billion bases of the human genome, but only __________ protein-coding genes
20,000-25,000
72
Alternative _____ and alternative ___________ result in 4-6 different mRNAs from a single gene
splicing, gene promoters
73
Number of protein-coding m RNAs (transcriptome) may be as large as ________.
100,000.
74
The original Human Genome Project used '_______' and '______' approaches for sequencing
clone-by-clone, shotgun
75
There are _____ gaps remaining in the human genome (compared to 150,000 in draft)
250
76
Since the completion of the human genome, sequencing capacity has ________ dramatically while costs have ________.
increased, declined
77
Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database has >10,000 entries that associate human genes with ______________.
inherited diseases
78
_______________ are mapped base positions in the genome where the nucleotide varies among people
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)
79
Companies are offering full genome scans to individuals for less than $100. This analysis is based on _____ analysis.
SNP
80
labeled DNA is hybridized to array of several million oligonucleotide on chips. This type of analysis can be used for prenatal screening for early detection of chromosomal defects
Chromosomal Microarray Analysis (CMA)
81
complement of mRNAs, containing protein-coding sequences, but there are also other RNAs produced that play structural or regulatory functions (miRNA, siRNA, etc.)
transcriptome
82
The transcriptome can be studied using __________, a collection of complementary (cDNA) made from mRNA or synthetic oligonucleotides arranged on a solid phase slide in a defined order.
Microarrays
83
Generally, _______ oligonucleotide probes per gene are used.
several
84
Two samples can be compared by labeling each with a different ___________ dye and hybridizing them to the same array.
fluorescent
85
With advances in sequencing technology, ______ or sequencing the entire complement of RNA in a sample is rapidly replacing microarray approaches
RNAseq
86
__________ is bioinformatics insensitive and requires stringent statistical analysis.
Data analysis
87
_________ is the study of the protein complement of a cell.
Proteomics
88
____________ proteomics is the analysis of protein profiles from 2 or more samples to identify quantitative differences that could be responsible for observed phenotypes.
comparative
89
Proteomics can identify ___________ modifications that cannot be detected by transcriptome analysis
posttranslational
90
Proteins can be separated by two diminutional __________________ or by ______________.
polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), Liquid chromatography (FPLC, HPLC)
91
proteins are identified by ______________.
mass spectrometry
92
___________ is the identification and quantification of steady-state levels of intracellular metabolites (sugars, amino acids, lipids, nucleotides, etc.)
metabolomics
93
because the technology to identify every metabolite in a biological sample is not available, _______ metabolomics is often carried out, where a few specific metabolites are measured
targeted
94
Drug metabolism can take place anywhere in the body, but the ________ is the prime site.
liver
95
what are the 3 potential outcomes of drug metabolism?
1) increase in drug hydrophilicity and ability to be excreted (hepatic) 2) Metabolic products are less pharmacologically active than the substrate drug 3) inactive prodrugs converted to their active forms (hepatic)
96
there are several mechanisms of Drug Resistance including:
1) decreased permeability 2) alteration of the target site for the drug 3) enzymatic inactivation of the drug 4) active transport of the drug out of the cell 5) amplification of the gene coding for the target of the drug
97
an increase in ______________ can decrease effectiveness of drugs that target DNA
DNA repair activity
98
___________ resistant results from an increase in the amount of transporter proteins that can pump many different drugs out of the cell
multidrug
99
know the 4 essential processes needed to develop from a single cell into a multicellular organism:
1) cell proliferation 2) cell specialization 3) cell interaction 4) cell movement
100
know about cell fates and determination
cell's fates can be determined or undetermined depending on if the donor's transplant reacts well with the host cell
101
similarities between developmental genes from different organisms
homologous proteins in each of the different organisms function interchangeable in the development of different organisms
102
_________ direct regions (segments) to differentiate into their final forms
homeotic genes
103
genes can have complex expression patterns by having a series of ______ regions directing transcription in different regions of the organism
control
104
_________ genes are arrayed on the chromosome in the same order as they are expressed in developing embryos and in the same order in fruit flies and humans
homeotic

Leys Biochem final (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions