LGL Flashcards
(23 cards)
Identify some pathologic neutrophil findings
Immature neutrophil band cell–> there is a high rate of neutrophil production, perhaps in response to inflammation or infection, in the same way increased reticulocytes indicated increased erythropoiesis in the response to hypoxia Hypersegmented neutrophil–> megloblastic anemia
The importance of the nuclear lamina
Interacts with chromatin and determines by cell shape defect –> progeria where average life span is 13 and mostly die due to stroke and MI
what is the function of the nucleus and what are the 3 main domains
only important when you need ribosomes…. so goes away when not dividing rRNA synthesis and ribosome subunit assembly Fibrillar centers: site of rDNA transcription (synthesis of rRNA) Dense fibrillar components: rRNAs associate with proteins to form ribonucleoproteins Granular components: ribonucleoproteins associate to form the ribosomal subunits
What type of cells would have extensive SER and or RER
RER- production of proteins that will be secreted from the cell such as pancreatic acinar cells or plasma cells SER- lipids and steroid hormones. This is the site of phospholipid synthesis and contains exit sites
explain the cycle that new protein go through in the lumen of the ER after exiting the cytosol (SPR and N-lined glysylation of asparagine ext)
The CHO region allows it to bind to chaperons such as calnexin which help fold. Disulfide bonds form and reform, with the help of protein disulfide isomerase to stabilize the folded state Carbohydrate moieties are modified and remodified until the protein is properly folded and no hydrophobic patches are exposed (GT) ( will rearrange then send next to calnexin Properly folded proteins are recruited into ER exit sites by transmembrane receptor proteins that bridge the cargo with COP II coat proteins (CHO trimmed away). Sulfonation occurs in the trans golgi, while glycosylation occurs in both the cis and medial Exit sites dep on CHO removal Chaperones depend on CHO for initial binding and folding but the exit depends on their removal (1) Gluosidases remove two glucose residues (red triangles) from carbohydrate moieties of newly synthesized N-linked glycoproteins. (2) Monoglucosylated carbohydrate binds to membrane-bound calnexin (CNX).CNX-associated protein disulfide isomerase aids folding by helping to rearrange disulfide bonds. CNX dissociates from the glycoprotein when the terminal glucose is removed. (3)Hydrophobic patches of partially folded proteins are re-glucosylated by glucosyltransferase (GT), re-associate with CNX and undergo another round of protein folding. (4) Mature proteins have a mannose (pink circle) trimmed and are (5) recruited by receptor proteins, such as ERGIC-53, into vesicles that bud from ER exit sites. (6) Misfolded proteins that have more than two mannoses cleaved are targeted to and exported by the retrotranslocon. These misfolded proteins are degraded by the proteasome
Describe some of the signaling particles that would be attached to determine whether the protein is going to the Golgi or ER
COP II is needed to leave the ER for Golgi COP I is a signal to return to the Golgi ( controls the retrograde movement) Clathrin is needed to go to PM, endoscopes or the lysosomes Mannose 6 controls the targeting the lysosome
Identify some key features of a peroxisome
Function: long chain fatty acids ( aka lipids), Anti-oxidant (catalyse) –detox hydrogen peroxide The Translocon is to prevent it from going to the ER and also signals for it to begin making peroxisomes Mature peroxisomes may divide by fission, however, this ability is limited because they lack the metabolic machinery to build more membrane and are therefore dependent on ER-derived vesicles to build new organelles, particularly in dividing cells
What is o linked and N linked glycosylation
N- asparagine O is the hydroxy group of serine and threonine
When should something be transported to endosome
Neurotransmitters that dont need to be secreted unless stimuli ( immature secretary vesicle and the dense core)
What is Icell disease
Mutation in the mannose 6 phosphate that Mutation: icell disease Will go to outside of cell This signal makes it go to lysosome Wont have deg of waste products but wont have bad effects outside cell because ph specific
Classes of defects in the CFTR gene
Class I: the absence of synthesis Class II: defective protein maturation and premature degradation. This is the defect in the most common CFTR mutation (ΔPhe508) Class II: disordered gating/regulation, such as diminished ATP binding and hydrolysis Class IV: defective conductance through the ion channel pore Class V: a reduced number of CFTR transcripts due to a promoter or splicing abnormality (class V) Class VI: accelerated turnover from the cell surface
How is a protein is recruited into vesicles forming at ER exit sites?
Proper protein folding and glycosylation status can determine whether a protein is recruited into the vesicles forming at ER exit sites.
What is the primary destinations of vesicles that derive from the ER? What other destination may ER-derived vesicles have?
Most vesicles that derive from the ER are destined for the Golgi apparatus. Some vesicles contain components of the peroxisome translocon and fuse to form transport-competent, but still immature peroxisome
Beside protein, what other macromolecule is synthesized in the ER and distributed to all other organelles of the endomembrane system through vesicle transport?
Lipids, such as cholesterol that is synthesized de novo and phospholipids, are also synthesized in the ER and distributed to other organelles of the endomembrane system
Excoriation
the act of abrading or wearing off the skin
Fick’s law for gasses
J(diffusion rate)=[diffusion constant(D)xsurface area(A)x(change in pressure)]/thickness of membrane
Concentrations of K+ Concentrations of Na+ Concentrations of Cl- Concentrations of HCO3- Concentrations of Mg2+ Concentrations of Ca2+
Concentrations of K+ Cell: 139 mM Blood: 4 mM Concentrations of Na+ Cell: 12 mM Blood: 145 mM Concentrations of Cl- Cell: 4 mM Blood: 116 Concentrations of HCO3- Cell:12 mM Blood: 29 mM Concentrations of Mg2+ Cell:0.8 mM Blood:1.5 mM Concentrations of Ca2+ Cell: <0.0002 mM Blood:1.8 mM
Cardiac glycoside Digitalis sp.
Noncompetitive allosteric inhibitor of NaK pump which leads to hyperkalemia
Starling forces
Fluid movement depends on the hydrostatic pressure of the capillaries and oncotic pressure(osmotic pressure generated by presence of solutes)
Karyopherins
Nuclear transport proteins
Granulomatous disease
Ex of chronic inflammation, localized nodular inflammation that forms to block irritating or infectious agent
Difference between exudate and tranudate
explain exudates
