Liberalism: New Flashcards:
(93 cards)
1
Q
Key word:
What does foundational equality mean?
A
A belief that all people are born with natural rights that entitle them to liberty and happiness.
In a liberal state this means the rule of law where all people are treated equally under the law.
2
Q
Key word:
What does egoistical individualism mean?
A
The belief that individual freedom is associated with a rational sense of self reliance and self interest (people are able to make decisions for themselves).
3
Q
Key word:
What does developmental individualism mean?
A
Both classical and modern liberals think that people must help themselves to improve.
4
Q
Key word:
What does formal equality mean?
A
Similar to foundational equality.
It includes equality under the law bit also the principle that every individual is entitled to equal treatment in society.
It also includes the idea of equality of opportunity and the abolition of social differences such as gender equality.
5
Q
Key word:
What does social contract mean?
A
The state is based on a contract between the government and the people.
Government agrees to make itself accountable to the people and to operate within the law while the people should agree to obey the laws and uphold the security of the state.
(The people give power to the state to let them rule and in return the people obey laws).
6
Q
Key word:
A
Limited government means that governments should be restricted by laws and constitutions (means that gov cant just do whatever they like)
7
Q
Key word:
What does laissez faire capitalism mean?
A
An idea about the role of the state within a capitalist economy, which proposes that capitalism and wealth creation are enhanced if the state doesnt intervene with market for goods, services and labour.
8
Q
Key word:
What does capitalism mean?
A
An economic system in which means of production of goods, services are privately owned and operated for profit.
9
Q
Key word:
What does constitutionalism mean?
A
The belief that a governments authority is determined by a body of laws or a constitution.
e.g. An example of this is the US constitution. A government has to abide by the US constitution and everything that they do has to be backed by the US constitution.
10
Q
Key word:
What does the harm principle mean?
A
The idea that the state is justified in interfering with people’s freedom when it is to prevent some citizens doing harm to others
11
Q
Key word:
What does minimal state mean?
A
A concept associated with classical liberalism and modern liberalism.
It suggests that in a free society the state must be strongly controlled and should have a minimal breadth of functions that they can perform.
If the state has too many functions it is likely to interfere with liberties. This concept is also associated with lassiez- faire capitalism
12
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Key word:
What does enabling state mean?
A
A state that doesnt necessarily provide for people directly but creates the conditions where people can help themselves
e.g. education - if you do well in education you will do well in life.
13
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Key word:
What does equality of opportunity mean?
A
All liberals accept that inequality is inevitable in a free society.
Modern liberal’s argue for equality of opportunity (everyone can have a chance and is put on the same playing field) by enabling all citizens to have access to education and for society to be truly meritocratic
14
Q
Key word:
A
A system of economic management where the state (government) directly intervenes to stimulate the economy to achieve full employment and economic growth
15
Q
Key word:
What does tolerance mean?
A
Requires a willingness to accept the existence of opinions or behaviour that one dislikes or disagrees with.
16
Q
Key word:
What does the mechanistic theory of the state mean?
A
The idea that the state is not organic but was created by individuals to serve them and act in their interests.
Classical and modern liberals differ in their definitions of what these best interests are
17
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Key word:
What is the divine right of kings?
A
Political and religious idea that asserts that a monarch’s authority comes from God rather than the consent of the people.
(God chose the king to have that position).
18
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Key word:
What does state of nature mean?
A
Refers to the hypothetical condition of humans before the establishment of organised society or government
19
Q
Key word:
What does natural law mean?
A
A set of moral rules that are inherent in human nature and can be understood through reason e.g. it is wrong to kill or steal.
20
Q
Key word:
What does natural rights mean?
A
Rights that every person is believed to have simply by being human They don’t depend of a personals background or societal status e.g. life, liberty and property.
21
Q
Key word:
What is negative freedom?
A
Freedom from interference or coercion by others, especially the government. It’s the freedom to act however you choose as long as you’re not infringing on others’ rights.
‘FREEDOM FROM’
22
Q
Key word:
What is positive freedom?
A
The freedom to actually realise one’s potential and make meaningful choices.
It’s about having the capacity and opportunity to act in ways that are fulfilling and in line with one’s true self.
‘FREEDOM TO’
23
Q
Key word:
What are classical liberals?
A
Classical liberals advocate for individual freedom, limited government, free markets, and the protection of private property.
They believe government should protect natural rights (life, liberty, and property) but have limited power.
24
Q
Key word:
What do classical liberals believe?
A
Classical liberals support economic freedom, equality before the law (rule of law), and believe in a minimal state to safeguard individual rights.
25
Key word:
What does modern liberals mean?
Modern liberals support government intervention to promote social equality, protect individual rights, and reduce inequality.
They favour policies like welfare programs, economic regulation, and civil rights protections.
26
What do modern liberals believe?
They believe the state should play a role in ensuring fairness and justice, differing from classical liberals who prioritise minimal government and free-market capitalism.
27
Features of liberalism:
What are the features of classical liberalism? e.g. social contract (use key thinker)
Locke believed that governments are formed through a social contract, where individuals consent to be governed in exchange for the protection of their natural rights.
The state's authority comes from this consent, and it must remain accountable to the people.
If the government fails to protect these rights, Locke argued that the people have the right to overthrow it.
28
Features of liberalism:
What are the features of classical liberalism? e.g. foundational equality (use key thinkers)
Locke believed in foundational equality - that is that all people are born with natural rights which include freedom from unnecessary influence by the state.
Wollstonecraft - this idea should extent to women e.g. women should have freedom and education. Men and women should be treated equally under the law.
ALL CLASSICAL LIBERALS ARGUE FOR TOLERANCE IN SOCIETY.
29
Features of liberalism:
What are the features of classical liberalism? e.g. negative freedom (use key thinkers)
Locke and Mill argued that the highest form of freedom is negative freedom or freedom from constraint.
Locke - believes that he highest form of freedom, is the ability to live without gov interference with the government’s role limited to protecting individuals' inherent natural rights to life, liberty, and property.
Mill - Individuals should be free from state intervention in most aspects of their lives, as long as their actions do not harm others (the harm principle).
30
Features of liberalism:
What are the features of classical liberalism? e.g. laissez-faire economics (use key thinkers)
Liberals advocate for an economic system where the government does not interfere in business activities.
They believe in a free market where businesses and individuals are free to operate without restrictions or government-imposed tariffs, taxes, or subsidies.
Mill- supports laissez-faire capitalism, believing in minimal government interference to promote individual freedom and economic competition. However, he argued for government intervention in cases where capitalism caused social harm.
31
Key word:
What is rugged individualism?
Rugged individualism emphasizes personal responsibility and self-reliance, where individuals are free to pursue their interests without interference.
32
Features of liberalism:
What are the features of classical liberalism? e.g. rugged individualism (use key thinkers)
Locke believed in natural rights (life, liberty, and property), asserting that the government’s role is to protect these rights, not control personal choices.
Mill also supported individual freedom, arguing that people should be free to make decisions as long as they do not harm others, with personal responsibility being key to personal and social development.
33
Features of liberalism:
What are the features of classical liberalism? e.g. representative democracy (use key thinkers)
Locke - believed that government should protect natural rights (life, liberty, and property) through a social contract, advocating for a limited government that reflects the will of the people while safeguarding individual rights.
Mill - supported representative democracy as crucial for protecting liberty and promoting social progress, emphasising the need for educated, informed participation and guarding against the tyranny of the majority
34
Features of liberalism:
What are the features of modern liberalism? e.g. foundational equality (use key thinkers)
Rawls' - argues that inequalities in society should only exist if they benefit the least advantaged believing the idea of fairness and ensures that societal structures promote equality and improve the conditions of the most disadvantaged.
Friedan - advocated for foundational equality promoting equal rights and freedoms for women and men, challenging traditional gender roles and career opportunities. Her work aimed to break down barriers to achieve gender equality.
35
Features of liberalism:
What are the features of modern liberalism? e.g. positive freedom (use key thinkers)
Friedan - focuses on freedom from restrictive gender roles, arguing that women should have the freedom to pursue careers and personal fulfilment outside traditional roles (being a mother and a wife)
Rawls - argues the importance of providing equal opportunities and resources for all, especially the least advantaged, so everyone can pursue their goals and live a fulfilling life.
36
Features of liberalism:
What are the features of modern liberalism? e.g. the enabling state (use key thinkers)
Friedan - argues for an enabling state that empowers women and breaks down gender-based barriers, providing social support to ensure women can fully participate in society.
Rawls - argues for a comprehensive enabling state that ensures justice as fairness, providing equal opportunities, to ensure the least advantaged have the resources and opportunities to succeed.
37
Features of liberalism:
What are the features of modern liberalism? e.g. Keynesian economics (use key thinkers)
Friedan - supports Keynesian economics for promoting gender equality and providing economic opportunities for women (meaning that they can work) e.g. childcare and welfare.
Rawls - supports Keynesian economics for its focus on redistributing wealth and reducing inequalities believing that inequalities caused by the wealthy should benefit the least advantaged.
38
Features of liberalism:
What are the features of modern liberalism? e.g. Social justice (use key thinkers)
Friedan - views social justice as gender equality, advocating for women’s freedom from traditional roles (being a wife and mother) and equal opportunities in all areas of life e.g. work (Equal Pay Act 1970)
Rawls - views social justice as creating a fair system where resources are redistributed to help the least advantaged, ensuring equal rights and opportunities for all (Welfare benefits)
39
Core ideas and principles:
How do classical liberals view individualism? (use key thinkers)
Mill - advocates for personal liberty and self-development, emphasising that individuals should be free to pursue their own path as long as they don’t harm others (harm principle), with minimal societal interference.
Wollstonecraft - advocates for gender equality arguing that women should have the same autonomy and educational opportunities as men to fully develop their rational capacities (being able to make decisions for themselves)
40
Core ideas and principles:
How do modern liberals view individualism? (use key thinkers)
Friedan’s - view of individualism focuses on gender equality and the empowerment of women, advocating for the freedom to break free from traditional roles and pursue a wide range of life choices.
Rawls - view of individualism focuses on a system of justice that ensures equal opportunities for all, with the least advantaged in society getting the resources they need to have a good life.
41
Core ideas and principles:
How do classical liberals view freedom/liberty? (use key thinkers)
Locke - Freedom is based on natural rights (life, liberty, and property) and the government should protect these rights and no other government interference e.g. negative freedom
Mill - Freedom is the ability to act according to one’s own will as long as it does not harm others (the harm principle) and expressing themselves.
42
Core ideas and principles:
How do modern liberals view the freedom/liberty? (use key thinkers)
Friedan - focuses on giving women the freedom to make their own choices in areas like work, family, and education, free from the limits of traditional gender roles (being a wife and a mother)
Rawls -argues freedom can only happen in a society where everyone has equal opportunities and resources are fairly distributed, ensuring that any inequalities help the least advantaged.
43
Core ideas and principles:
How do classical liberals view the state? (use key thinkers)
Locke - sees the state as a way to protect people's rights, especially property and freedom and believes in a limited government (little gov interference) that is based on consent and the rule of law (no one being above the law)
Wollstonecraft - sees the state as important for promoting gender equality, supporting women's education, and changing laws that keep women oppressed e.g. (The Sex Discrimination Act 1975 allows there to be no sexism in the work place)
44
Core ideas and principles:
How do modern liberals view the state? (use key thinkers)
Friedan - sees the state as a tool for promoting gender equality and welfare to empower women and remove barriers to their autonomy (allowing them to make decisions for themselves)
Rawls -sees the state as an institution that protects basic liberties and ensures that inequalities benefit the least advantaged and therefore creating fair opportunities (equality of opportunity) allowing for everyone to live the lives they want.
45
Core ideas and principles:
How do classical liberals view rationalism? (use key thinkers)
Locke - sees the state as a way to protect individual rights e.g. property and freedom, with limited government interference based on consent (elections) and rule of law (no one being above the law)
Mill - wants a state that protects personal freedom using the harm principle and supports legal reforms for gender equality, ensuring the state only interferes when absolutely necessary.
46
Core ideas and principles:
How do modern liberals view rationalism? (use key thinkers)
Friedan - believes that rational thinking links to freedom and gender equality, believing women should use their reason to pursue their goals without being held back by society's expectations (being a wife and mother)
Rawls - believes that rational thinking links to having a fair society, where people use reason to agree on rules that promote justice, equality, and support for the least advantaged.
47
Core ideas and principles:
How do classical liberals view equality/social justice? (use key thinkers)
Wollstonecraft - focuses on gender equality, believing women should have the same chances as men for education and having control themselves.
Mill - focuses on how individual freedom links to social justice e.g. gender equality, redistribution of resources, and policies that ensure equal opportunities for everyone.
48
Core ideas and principles:
How do modern liberals view equality/social justice? (use key thinkers)
Friedan - focuses on gender equality as part of social justice, supporting women's empowerment and freedom from traditional roles. She wants women to be independent and have control over their lives.
Rawls - sees social equality as ensuring equal rights and fair opportunities for everyone. He believes inequalities should help the poorest and that resources should be shared more fairly.
49
Core ideas and principles:
How do classical liberals view liberal democracy? (use key thinkers)
Locke - believes democracy should protect individual rights like life, liberty, and property. He thinks government should be based on consent and should respect the people's right to revolt if it oversteps.
Mill - believes in protecting individual freedom and minority rights. He supports representative democracy but is cautious of majority rule, wanting the government to be accountable.
50
Core ideas and principles:
How do modern liberals view liberal democracy? (use key thinkers)
Friedan - sees liberal democracy as one that ensures gender equality and empowers women to participate equally in public life and exercise their freedom and autonomy.
Rawls - views liberal democracy as a system focused on justice, where the state guarantees equal rights, fair opportunities, and ensures that economic inequalities benefit the least advantaged.
51
Type of liberal:
What type of liberal is Locke?
Classical liberal - advocate for individual freedom, limited government, free markets, and the protection of private property.
52
Type of liberal:
What type of liberal is Wollstonecraft?
Classical liberal - advocate for individual freedom, limited government, free markets, and the protection of private property.
53
Type of liberal:
What type of liberal is Mill?
Classical liberal - advocate for individual freedom, limited government, free markets, and the protection of private property.
54
Type of liberal:
What type of liberal is Freidan?
Modern liberal - support government intervention to promote social equality, protect individual rights, and reduce inequality.
55
Type of liberal:
What type of liberal is Rawls?
Modern liberal - support government intervention to promote social equality, protect individual rights, and reduce inequality.
56
Key Thinker:
What were Locke's ideas on the social contract theory?
Locke’s social contract theory says people have natural rights to life, liberty, and property.
They create a government to protect these rights, and the government’s power is limited by laws.
If the government becomes tyrannical or violates rights, people can overthrow it.
57
Key Thinker:
What were Locke's ideas on limited government?
Locke believed that government power should be limited to protect natural rights e.g. property and must be based on the consent of the governed.
The government should follow the rule of law with separated powers to prevent tyranny. People have the right to revolt if the government oversteps its authority.
58
Key thinker:
What were Locke's ideas on human nature?
Locke believed humans are born with the capacity for reason (positive view of human nature) and are not inherently evil.
He stressed the importance of experience and education in shaping individuals (allows people to make wise decisions and prevents tyranny).
Locke argued that people have natural rights to life, liberty, and property, and that governments should protect these rights.
59
Key Thinker:
What were Locke's ideas on the state?
Believed the state should be formed by the consent of the people to protect their natural rights (life, liberty, and property).
He argued for a limited government with separation of powers, and if the government became oppressive, the people had the right to overthrow it.
60
Key Thinker:
What were Locke's ideas on the society?
Believed that society should around the protect natural rights (life, liberty, property) through a social contract where the government’s role is to safeguard these rights.
He believed in limited government, consent of the governed, and individual freedom.
61
Key Thinker:
What were Locke's ideas on the economy?
Locke supported private property and the idea that people should be free to trade and gain wealth.
He believed in a limited government that protects property rights and supports a free market economy.
62
Key Thinker:
What were Wollstonecraft's ideas on reason?
Wollstonecraft believed that reason is a natural ability for both men and women.
She argued that women should have equal access to education to develop their reasoning skills, which would lead to greater equality and freedom.
She rejected the idea that women were less rational than men.
63
Key Thinker:
What were Wollstonecraft's ideas on formal equality?
Wollstonecraft believed in formal equality, where women and men would be treated equally by the law.
She argued for equal treatment and opportunities for women to help them become independent and free from societal restrictions.
64
Key Thinker:
What were Wollstonecraft's ideas on human nature?
Wollstonecraft believed the state should create a society where women have equal rights in education and property.
She argued for legal reforms to end gender inequality and allow both men and women to live as equals in society.
65
Key Thinker:
What were Wollstonecraft's ideas on the state?
She believed the state should create a society where women have equal rights, especially in education and property.
She argued for legal reforms to end gender inequality and allow both men and women to live as equals in society e.g. Equal Pay Act 1970 and Sex Discrimination Act 1975
66
Key Thinker:
What were Wollstonecraft's ideas on society?
She wanted a society where women and men had equal rights and opportunities, especially in education and work, so everyone could reach their full potential.
67
Key Thinker:
What were Wollstonecraft's ideas on the economy?
She focused on ensuring equal economic opportunities for women.
She believed women should be able to work, earn money and have access to the same education and career opportunities as men, in order to achieve economic independence.
68
Key Thinker:
What were Mill's ideas on negative liberty?
Mill’s negative liberty emphasises freedom from interference.
People should be free to act as they wish, as long as they don't harm others, with the state having a minimal role in regulating personal choices.
69
Key Thinker:
What were Mill's ideas on tolerance?
He supported freedom of expression, the right to live according to personal beliefs, and the need to protect minority views.
He argued that tolerance helps promote progress, ensures individual freedom and allows a diverse and open society.
70
Key Thinker:
What were Mill's ideas on human nature?
Mill thought humans are rational, capable of improving themselves, and should be allowed to live in ways that make them happy, while also supporting a society where people care for each other.
71
Key Thinker:
What were Mill's ideas on the state?
Mill believed the state's role was to protect individual freedom, promote social welfare, and ensure equality.
While advocating for minimal interference, he also supported state action to address injustice, protect minority rights, and allow social progress.
72
Key Thinker:
What were Mill's ideas on society?
Mill’s argues that society should show individual freedom, social justice, and the greatest good for all.
He advocated for reforms to address inequality while protecting personal liberty, and stressed the importance of tolerance and diversity.
73
Key Thinker:
What were Mill's ideas on the economy?
Mill supported economic freedom but believed the government should intervene to reduce inequality, protect workers' rights, and ensure fair wages.
He favoured wealth redistribution and social welfare to create a more just society.
74
Key Thinker:
What were Friedan's ideas on legal equality?
She believed in legal equality for women, which meant equal rights in all areas, including work, education, and reproductive freedom.
She fought against laws that discriminated against women and wanted to ensure women had the same opportunities and protections as men e.g. Equal Pay Act 1970 and Sex Discrimination Act 1975
75
Key Thinker:
What were Friedan's ideas on equal opportunity?
She argued for equal opportunity for women in education and careers wanting the removal of gender discrimination and societal barriers.
As well as supporting policies that would ensure women had the freedom to choose their paths and succeed e.g. Equal Pay Act 1970 and Sex Discrimination Act 1975
76
Key Thinker:
What were Friedan's ideas on human nature?
She believed that human nature includes the potential for personal growth and autonomy (having control over one's self)
She rejected the idea that women were naturally suited only for domestic roles and argued that both men and women should have the freedom to pursue their own paths and reach their full potential.
77
Key Thinker:
What were Friedan's ideas on the state?
She believed the state should promote gender equality by passing laws to ensure equal rights e.g. Equal Pay Act 1970 and Sex Discrimination Act 1975.
As well as challenging patriarchal structures that limited women's freedom and opportunities.
78
Key Thinker:
What were Friedan's ideas on society?
She believed society should liberate women from traditional roles, allowing them to pursue careers and personal freedom.
She advocated for gender equality, equal rights, and support for working women to help them achieve autonomy and fulfilment.
79
Key Thinker:
What were Friedan's ideas on the economy?
She argued that women should have economic independence, equal job opportunities, and equal pay e.g. (Equal Pay Act 1970)
She opposed traditional gender roles and called for policies like childcare and paid leave to help women work and achieve personal freedom.
80
Key Thinker:
What were Rawls ideas on a theory of justice?
Creating a fair society where everyone has equal rights and opportunities, and inequalities are only allowed if they help the poorest.
The state’s job is to make sure things are fair for everyone.
81
Key Thinker:
What were Rawls ideas on a veil of ignorance?
A concept by Rawls where people design society’s rules without knowing their own position (wealth, health, etc).
This ensures fairness, as decisions are made to suit the needs of everyone leading to a society that protects basic rights and helps the least advantaged.
82
Key Thinker:
What were Rawls ideas on human nature?
Rawls believed that humans are rational and moral, with the capacity to cooperate for mutual benefit.
He believed that people can recognise the importance of justice and are willing to act fairly, especially in a society that is structured to be just and able to achieve opportunity.
83
Key Thinker:
What were Rawls ideas on the state?
Rawls believed the state should be a fair and just institution that protects basic liberties, ensures equal opportunities, and addresses inequalities to help the least advantaged.
The state’s legitimacy comes from the consent of the governed, and it should operate under the rule of law to maintain fairness and justice for all.
84
Key Thinker:
What were Rawls ideas on society?
Rawls argues for a society that ensures fairness, equal opportunities and protects basic rights e.g. right to be safe.
It allows for some inequality as long as it benefits the most disadvantaged and supports redistribution to create a more equal and just community.
85
Key Thinker:
What were Rawls ideas on the economy?
In order to solve the economy Rawls' promotes a society where there can be inequality in terms of income if everyone has equal opportunities.
He advocates for redistribution of wealth and resources to the poor and therefore creating a more just and fair society (equality of opportunity)
86
Differing views and tensions:
What are the areas on disagreement between liberals on human nature? (use key thinkers)
Classical liberals focus on individual freedom and limited government, while modern liberals advocate for a more active state to promote equality and social justice.
Classical - Locke emphasises individualism and limited government, viewing humans as rational, self-interested beings who form governments to protect their rights.
Modern - Rawls focuses on fairness, and justice, viewing humans as rational beings capable of empathy and concern for the least advantaged.
86
Differing views and tensions:
What are the areas on agreement between liberals on human nature? (use key thinkers)
Classical and modern liberals agree that humans are rational beings with the capacity for freedom and equality,
Locke and Friedan both believe humans are rational beings capable of making decisions and freedom.
Classical - Locke focuses on the protection of natural rights and freedom from interference.
Modern - Friedan advocates for women's freedom to pursue their potential beyond traditional gender roles, emphasising equality and opportunities.
86
Differing views and tensions:
What are the areas on disagreement between liberals on the state? (use key thinkers)
Classical liberals favour a minimal state to protect liberty, while modern liberals support a more active state to ensure equality and social welfare.
Classical - Locke favoured a limited state with minimal intervention focused on protecting individual rights, particularly property and ensuring order.
Modern - Friedan wanted an enabling state that intervenes to address gender inequality.
86
Differing views and tensions:
What are the areas on agreement between liberals on the state? (use key thinkers)
Classical and modern liberals agree that the state exists to protect individual rights and freedom, supporting the rule of law and limited government.
Wollstonecraft (C) and Friedan (M) both believed the state should actively promote gender equality and reforming societal norms that limit women’s opportunities.
They saw the state as essential for challenging traditional gender roles and fostering women’s freedom in both personal and professional spheres.
87
Differing views and tensions:
What are the areas on agreement between liberals on society? (use key thinkers)
Classical and modern liberals agree on the importance of individual rights, freedom, equality of opportunity, and the rule of law in society,
Mill (C) and Friedan (M) agree that society should allow individuals, particularly women, to achieve personal freedom, equality of opportunity, and freedom from restrictive gender roles.
They critique traditional gender norms and advocate for social reforms to provide equal opportunities in education and work e.g. Equal Pay Act 1970 and Sex Discrimination Act 1975
87
Differing views and tensions:
What are the areas on disagreement between liberals on society? (use key thinkers)
Classical liberals favour minimal government intervention, while modern liberals want an enabling government to prevent inequality.
Classical - Locke favoured a minimal state that focused on protecting individual rights and property without intervening in economic or social matters.
Modern - Friedan wants an enabling state that address social inequalities, particularly gender-based ones, and ensure equal opportunities for women.
88
Differing views and tensions:
What are the areas on disagreement between liberals on the economy? (use key thinkers)
Classical liberals advocate for minimal government intervention while modern liberals support greater state involvement to address inequality and promote social welfare.
Classical - Locke emphasises individual liberty and property rights allowing for natural economic inequality and advocating for a minimal state.
Modern - Rawls argues for redistributive policies to reduce inequality, with a stronger role for the state to ensure fairness and improve the well-being of the least advantaged.
88
Differing views and tensions:
What are the areas on agreement between liberals on the economy? (use key thinkers)
Classical liberals and modern liberals both value free markets and individual economic freedom,
Mill (C) and Rawls (M) argue for the importance of wealth redistribution, and a strong state role in regulating the economy to reduce inequality e.g. for the disadvantaged.
Economic inequality okay as long as it benefits everyone including the disadvantaged.
