Life and Death Flashcards
(23 cards)
A reduction in cell size is known as ________
Atrophy
_______ is the increase in the volume of an organ or tissue due to the enlargement of its componentcells.
Hypertrophy
______ is where the cells remain approximately the same size but increase in number.
Hyperplasia
Necrosis requires _____ energy
No
Name the three types of necrosis
Coagulative
Caseous
Liquefactive
In coagulative necrosis what is left behind?
The cell outline
In liquefactive necrosis what cell structure remains?
None
Caseous necrosis is a form of cell death in which the tissue maintains a _____ like appearance. The dead tissue appears as a soft and white proteinaceous dead cell mass
Cheese
Caseous necrosis is usually associated with _______
Tuberculosis
Define apoptosis
Programmed cell death in response to specific signals
Does apoptosis require energy
Yes
Sometimes cell death is physiological and part of normal growth where we need cells to die off, give an example.
In embryonic development, hands and feet are initially webbed, the cells in-between fingers/toes need to die in order to have individual digits.
Give 6 examples of when apoptosis becomes pathological
- In response to injury
- Radiation (including UV)
- Chemotherapy
- Viral Infection (hepatitis)
- Cancers
- Graft vs host disease (in transplant patients)
All mechanisms rely on activating caspases. These follow two pathways, _____ or ______
Intrinsic
Extrinsic
The death receptor initiated pathway is also known as the ______ pathway.
Extrinsic
Cells have ‘death receptors’ that initiate apoptosis. Name these
TNF
Fas
The mitochondrial pathway is also known as the _____ pathway.
Intrinsic
The extrinsic pathway comes from ______ the cell
Outwith
The intrinsic pathway comes from ______ the cell
Within
What is the role of p53.
p53 halts the cell cycle when the cells have detected DNA damage. If the DNA cannot be repaired then p53 stimulates caspases and induces apoptosis.
Apoptotic Abnormalities 1:
Too little apoptosis causes _______ (2)
cancers/autoimmune disorders
Apoptotic Abnormalities 2:
Too much apoptosis causes _______ (3)
- Neurodegenerative disorders
- Ischaemic injury (heart attacks)
- Viral Infections
- Cells shrink
- Nucleus clumps up and breaks up
- Cytoplasm blebs
- leftover hoovered up
Name the process/what is responsible for the process/what happens
- pyknosis
- chromatin condensation
- cytoplasm breaks up
- macrophages clear the leftover debris
