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Life at cellular level Flashcards

1
Q

mitochondria

A

outer membrane contains pores
inner membrane has cristae
matrix contains binding sites for calcium and also most of the enzymes for oxidation of FA’s
have own circular DNA and own ribosomes

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2
Q

what are cristae

A

convoluted folds increase surface area to fit in more proteins

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3
Q

what are nucleoli

A

sites of rRNA synthesis and ribosomal production and assembly

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4
Q

what is rough Endoplasmic reticulum

A

inside the cell-

site of post-translational modifications to protein and transport

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5
Q

what is smooth Endoplasmic reticulum

A

used mainly to breakdown compounds either from inside the cell or ones that have been brought in e.g drugs and glycogen
or synthesise some like lipids

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6
Q

lysosome

A

used to separate enzymes from rest of cell

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7
Q

what is the cytoskeleton

A

a microscopic network of protein filaments and tubules in the cytoplasm

includes microfilaments, microtubules, intermediate filaments

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8
Q

what are microfilaments

A

made up of actin

break down actin for cell to move around

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9
Q

what are intermediate filaments

A

made up of fibrous proteins- tough

stabilise cell’s structures

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10
Q

what are microtubules

A

made up of tubulin protein
hollow cylinders
2 subunits alpha and beta tubulin

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11
Q

what are cilia and flagella made up of

A

microtubules

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12
Q

which elements make up 90% of humans

A

H
O
N
C

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13
Q

what type of bonds can carbon make

A

single
single and double
single, double and sometimes triple bonds with other C atoms

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14
Q

what do functional groups define

A

biomolecular function

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15
Q

how does the arrangement of atoms relate to the function of the molecule

A

c=c is a rigid confirmation- can only have two distinct configuration- cis and trans

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16
Q

how can you interconvert between cis and trans

A

by breaking bonds and reforming them

only way you can do this is through function of enzymes as it requires too much energy otherwise

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17
Q

what happens when rod proteins in the eye detect light

A

the light changes cis isomers (bent) to straight by an enzyme

this is a time dependent reversal process- temporary blindness

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18
Q

what are the two forms of chiral centre

A

Laevo- L (left handed)

Dextro- D (right handed)

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19
Q

which type of amino acids are all proteins made from

A

L-amino acids only

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20
Q

bonds that can rotate allow many different what?

A

conformations

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21
Q

what are the 5 chemical reactions of life

A 
REDOX
making and breaking C-C bonds
internal rearrangements 
group transfers
condensation and hydrolysis
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22
Q

how many H+ atoms are usually transferred in dehydrogenation reactions?

A

2

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23
Q

what is an example of making/breaking C-C bonds

A

cleavage of Glucose in the glycolysis pathway

24
Q

what bond links nucleotide monomers together?

A

3’,5’- phosphodiester bonds

25
which bases come under 'purine'? and what are purines like
A and G | flat, double rings
26
which bases come under 'pyrimidines'? and what are pyrimidines like
flat, single rings | C and T and uracil
27
what structure do bases take on in DNA that allows the double helix
flat planar
28
how many bonds are there between G-C
3
29
how many bonds are there between A-T
2
30
starch and glycogen are both polymers of what?
D-glucose
31
why is D-glucose termed a reducing sugar?
linear form has aldehyde group that can be oxidised and if it is then the other reactant would be reduced so glucose is termed a reducing sugar
32
1st law of thermodynamics
energy can't be created or removed | it can only be transformed or transferred
33
2nd law of thermodynamics
energy transformations ultimately lead to a more disordered universe
34
define entropy
degree of disorder within a closed system
35
what is a useless form of energy
heat- once produced, it can't be brought back
36
if reactions within cells release heat what does this do to the environment outside the cell
creates disorder outside our cells
37
how can spontaneous reactions occur
if a system gives up energy or becomes more random and increases in entropy
38
Gibbs free energy equation
G=H-TS | used to measure free (potential) energy
39
if it's a spontaneous reaction what must happen to the enthalpy and entropy
enthalpy must decrease | entropy must increase
40
how is glucose broken down in the body
sequentially
41
approx how much of human is made up of water
approx by mass 60% | most in ICF (2/3)
42
how is heat dissipitated in the body
by water
43
when are H bonds strongest
when 3 atoms involved are in a straight line
44
protein-enzyme interaction and water
so protein and enzyme have shell of water molecules around them when substrate moves close to binding site- a lot of disorder is created and this allows things to react
45
what is the hydrophobic effect
non- polar molecules arrange themselves in H20 so as to minimise disruption of H bonding surrounding H20 molecules. highly ordered water molecules form cages around hydrophobic alkyl chains
46
amphipathic
are both polar and non-polar | fatty acids
47
lipids and water
only the lipid hydrophobic chain part causes hydrophobic effect- H20 becomes highly disordered around here
48
how do phospholipids further minimise disruption of H bonds in H20 molecules
by forming micelles or bilayers
49
liposome
spherical configuration bilayer, hydrophobic tails tucked in centre useful for drug delivery
50
what is the dissociation constant of water
Kw= 1.0 x 10^(-14)
51
strong acids
HCl | fully dissociate into ions
52
what is the Henderson-hasslebalch equation
pH = pKa + log [A-]/[HA] indicates the amount of weak acid or conjugate base are in a biological system
53
give an example of buffer system in the plasma
the bicarbonate buffer system without B.B.S pH in body would fluctuate wildly as lactic acid product would lower plasma pH function:- neutralise gastric acid and stabilise the intracellular pH of epithelial cells
54
how can HH equation be used clinically
by calculating how the pH of a physiological solution responds to changes in either conjugate acid or base then you can see what state someone is in physiologically respiratory/ metabolic acidosis and alkalosis
55
acidosis
excessively acidic conditions in body fluids/tissues | alkalosis is opposite
56
which buffer system is important in your cells
phosphate buffer system

SFM own flashcards (17 decks)

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