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CIVE40007 – Materials > Life Cycle Assessment Part 1 > Flashcards

Life Cycle Assessment Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are structures with design life of less than 50 years called?

A

Temporary structures

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2
Q

What is an example of a temp structure?

A

London Eye - intended to be dismantled after 5 years

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3
Q

What is the design life of structure of most buildings?

A
  • 50-80 years
  • Skin of the structure - 15 to 25 years
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4
Q

What is the design life of most bridges and tunnels?

A

100/120 years

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5
Q

What is the design life of some iconic public buildings like ‘Our Lady of the Angels Cathedral’?

A

> 120 years

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6
Q

What has a design life of 100 years?

A

Deep repositories for high level radioactive waste.

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7
Q

What are the life cycle stages?

A
  1. Material production → Natural resources
  2. Product manufacture → Planning, Design and Construction
  3. Product use → including maintenance and repair
  4. End of first life
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8
Q

What would be the likely impacts of building a new road bridge over the River Thames (social impacts)?

A
  • Obstructive to river crossing via boat and car
  • People not able to reach work if their only route is obstructed
  • People more connected to the city
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9
Q

What would be the likely impacts of building a new road bridge over the River Thames (financial impacts)?

A

Stimulates GDP

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10
Q

What makes up sustainability?

A
  1. Planet
  2. Profit
  3. People
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11
Q

What are the 3 capitals in the LCA?

A
  • Natural Capital
  • Human and Social Capital
  • Manufacture Capital
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12
Q

What is natural capital?

A

Clean air, productive land, fresh water, oceans, biosphere

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13
Q

What is human and social capital?

A

Knowledge, education, culture, human health, skills, life

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14
Q

What is manufacture capital?

A

Built environment, Industrial capacity, Financial Health

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15
Q

What is sustainable development?

A

Sustainable development is
development that meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their
own needs.

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16
Q

What does E-LCA stand for?

A

Environmental Life Cycle Assessment

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17
Q

What does S-LCA stand for?

A

Social Life Cycle Assessment

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18
Q

What does LCC stand for?

A

Life Cycle Costing

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19
Q

What steps must you take in the LCSA?

A
  1. First you do individual assessments of the 3 Capitals
  2. Then you do merge assessments → LCSA
  3. Then you do a sustainability analysis
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20
Q

What is eco-centric?

A

Having a serious concern for environmental issues.

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21
Q

What is bio-centric?

A

The ethical perspective is that all living things deserve equal moral consideration.

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22
Q

What is anthropocentric?

A

Considering human beings as the most significant entity of the universe.

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23
Q

What is Ego-centric?

A

Thinking only of oneself, without regard for the feelings or desires of others

24
Q

What is system boundary A?

A

It encloses a single phase of the life cycle.

25
Q

What is system boundary B?

A

It encloses the direct inputs and emissions of the entire life.

26
Q

Why does it not make sense to place the system boundary at C?

A

It does not have a well-defined edge

27
Q

Social benefits of new civil infrastructure?

A
  • More convenient and sfae transport
  • Better living conditions
  • More reliable water supply
  • Less flooding
  • More attractive outdoor space
  • Less pollution
  • Increased local employment
28
Q

What are the social disbenefits of new civil infrastructure?

A
  • Compulsory purchase of obstructing property
  • Disruption during construction
  • Increased noise levels (around new transport links)
29
Q

What are some of the social impacts mapped onto the UN SDGs?

A

1 - No poverty → fair salary
3 - Good health and well-being → child welfare
10 - Reduced inequalities - indigenous rights
16 - Peace, justice and strong institutions

30
Q

What are areas of protection?

A

Aspects we wish to preserve/support

31
Q

What is the life cycle costing?

A

Estimation of the whole life cost of an asset (e.g. a bridge)

32
Q

What is included in cost?

A
  • Operation
  • Maintenance
  • Inflation
  • End of life
  • Externalities
  • Cost of capital
  • Installation
33
Q

What are examples of life cycle costs?

A
  • Construction
  • Operation/Occupancy
  • Maintenance
  • End of life
34
Q

What’s involved in construction of the life cycle cost?

A
  • Design fees, Planning costs
  • Construction work (materials, labor, profit)
35
Q

What’s involved in the operation/occupancy of the life cycle cost?

A
  • Interest payments on the capital used to pay for the infrastructure
  • Cleaning, Energy, Security (these could be whole life costs)
36
Q

What’s involved the maintenance of the life cycle cost?

A
  • Inspections
  • Adaptation
  • Replacement of elements and repairs
37
Q

What’s involved in the end of life of the life cycle cost?

A
  • Residual value
  • Demolition
38
Q

What is externalities?

A

An Externality is a cost that you create but don’t pay.

39
Q

What have gov regulations done to do with externalities?

A

Shifted the cost of some externalities onto those who created them → polluter pays policy

40
Q

What are life cycle costs?

A

Life Cycle Costs are those associated directly with constructing and operating the infrastructure

41
Q

What are whole life cycle costs?

A

Whole Life Costs also include income from operating the infrastructure and support costs associated with infrastructure activity.

42
Q

What are fixed costs?

A

Fixed costs are the upfront costs incurred at the start of life - to
plan, design and construct.

43
Q

What are variable costs?

A
  • Are the later costs – to maintain, operate, and possibly demolish
  • These are the future costs
44
Q

What is present value?

A

A metric that combines all costs and reduces (or discounts) those costs that occur in the future.

45
Q

What is the discount factor?

A

f = 1/(1+d)^(y-1)

46
Q

What are the steps in estimating life-cycle costs?

A
  • Goals and scope → who is it for? etc.
  • Inventory complications → financial parameters, fixed costs
  • Impact assessment → Present value
  • Interpretation and AoPs → Net present value
47
Q

What is an E-LCA?

A

An E-LCA explores environmental impacts of the life of a product (e.g. a building) or service (e.g a railway).

48
Q

What is an environmental impact?

A

An environmental impact is an alteration of the initial
characteristics of the environment caused by a project or activity.

49
Q

What are examples of environmental impacts?

A
  • human health;
  • the welfare of the flora and fauna; or
  • the future availability of natural resources
50
Q

What are the main environmental impact categories?

A
  • Resource depletion
  • Water demand
  • Energy demand
  • Greenhouse gases
  • Waste and pollution
51
Q

What are critical materials?

A

Materials you need, but may find hard to get e.g., Natural rubber, titanium, rare earth element, lithium, magnesium

52
Q

What % of critical materials in in US data are sand, gravel and stone?

A

72%

53
Q

What are some critical elements and their country of origin?

A
  • Canada - Cobalt
  • Ukraine - Rare earths
  • Russia - Gold
54
Q

What fraction of water is freshwater?

A

0.8%

55
Q

How much has world wide demand for water gone up by?

A

tripled in the past 50 years

56
Q

What are the 3 categories for fresh water consumptions?

A
  1. Municipal
  2. Industry
  3. Agriculture
57
Q

What materials have high embodied energy?

A
  • Silver
  • Ti alloys

CIVE40007 – Materials (16 decks)

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