life in soil

Question 1

what are the four main ingredients in soil

Answer 1

air - 25
water 25
mineral 45
organic 5

Question 2

organic definition

Answer 2

materials alive now or in the past

Question 3

is adding organic matter a good thing or bad thing

Answer 3

good in the long run, bad in the short run

Question 4

do humic colloids have high or low CEC

Answer 4

high

Question 5

do humic colloids buffer soil pH

Answer 5

yes

Question 6

do humic colloids retain cationic nutrients

Answer 6

yes

Question 7

how does humus act like glue and stabilize soil aggregates

Answer 7

improves aeration
increase infiltration rate
increase plant avail water
decrease susceptibility to erosion

Question 8

what does humus slow release (3 nutrirents)

Answer 8

N, P, S

Question 9

negatives of fresh crop residue

Answer 9

initially negligible cation exchange capacity

little glue

interfere with plant nutrient uptake if incorporated directly into soil (less of a problem if left ontop of mulch)

Question 10

do plant residues like straw or stardust tie up nitrogen

Answer 10

yes

Question 11

does manure supply ammonium to plant roots

Answer 11

yes

Question 12

soil organisms converts fresh plant residues to __________

Answer 12

humus

Question 13

heterotroph

Answer 13

an organism that obtains the carbon atoms from which it builds its strucutre from organic molecules

Question 14

chemoheterotrophs

Answer 14

heterotrophs that obtain their energy from chemical reactions like respiration or fermentation

yogurt or mushrooms

Question 15

photoheterotrophs

Answer 15

heterotrophs that obtain their energy from light

few exotic bacteria

Question 16

autotroph

Answer 16

an organism that obtains its structural carbon atoms inorganic molecules

Question 17

chemoautotrophs

Answer 17

autotrophs that get energy from inorganic chemical reaction

thiobacilli

Question 18

photoautotrophs

Answer 18

autotrophs that obtain energy from light

plants, algae, diatoms

Question 19

a photoheterotroph needs to grow with a _______ __________ who leaks inorgnic compounds

Answer 19

photoautotrophic partner

Question 20

prokaryote def

Answer 20

no membrane bound nucleus

Question 21

eukaryote def

Answer 21

keeps DNA in a membrane bound nucleus

Question 22

Prokaryote or eukaryote? linear chromosomes

Answer 22

eukaryote

Question 23

Prokaryote or eukaryote? reproduction through clining and binary fission

Answer 23

prokaryotes

Question 24

Prokaryote or eukaryote? organelles

Answer 24

eukaryotes

Question 25

Prokaryote or eukaryote? circular chromosomes

Answer 25

prokakryotes

Question 26

are there curcular chromosomes in eukaryotes

Answer 26

in organelles yes

Question 27

do all organisms have ribosomes in them

Answer 27

yes

Question 28

job of ribosomes

Answer 28

assemble all protiens one amino acid at a time based on instructions copied from DNA into RNA messages (mRNA)

Question 29

TF DNA can't tell you ancestral history

Answer 29

F

Question 30

3 domains

Answer 30

bacteria, archaea, eukarya

Question 31

When are archaea present in soil

Answer 31

nitrogen cycle only they can create swamp gas

Question 32

is prokaryotic biomass equal to funal abundance

Answer 32

yes, prokakryotic biomass is more in ag soisl

Question 33

of all euakryotes, what organisms appear ot be the most significant

Answer 33

earthworms

Question 33

when macrofauna digests dead plant matter, does it emerge out of the other end fully digested

Answer 33

no

Question 34

why is amcrofauna not great at difesting dead plant matter (fully) (chemical)

Answer 34

cellulose

Question 34

TF macrofauna decreases the speed at which microbes can enter, decompose, and transform the fresh organic matter into CO2

Answer 34

F, increases it

Question 35

are earthworms macro or microfauna

Answer 35

macrofauna

Question 36

what types of things do earthworms like to eat

Answer 36

fine particles and organic things

Question 37

earthworm midden

Answer 37

burrow entrance sign- covered with availible debris

Question 38

TF worms don't crap in their own burrows

Answer 38

T

Question 39

where do earthworms void their poop

Answer 39

surface

Question 40

do earthworms have an affect on the surface grain size, and if so - how

Answer 40

ingestion of silt and clay VS sand will make the surface finer grained

Question 41

fewer crop residue = more or less earthworms

Answer 41

less

Question 42

how much do earthworms like lime

Answer 42

a LOT

Question 43

does tillage reduce earthworm abundance

Answer 43

yes

Question 44

do earthworms like hot or cool soil

Answer 44

cool- when its hot they'll drive deeper into the ground

Question 45

DDT affect on earthworms

Answer 45

doesn't affect them directly but compounds in their tissue. Then robins eat them and their eggs become very weak

Question 46

nematodes

Answer 46

small round worms not related to earthworms some are root infesting plant parasites some eat pests

Question 47

do merigolds control nematodes

Answer 47

yes- reduce them grow w tobacco

Question 48

three morphological types of protists in soil

Answer 48

flagellates, amoebae, ciliates

Question 49

flagellates

Answer 49

flagella to flap around tail

Question 50

which are the smallest protists

Answer 50

flagellates

Question 51

how do amoeba consume organisms

Answer 51

wrapping themselves around them

Question 52

phagocytosis

Answer 52

ingesting orgnaic matter by wrapping them into a membrane and putting digestive enzymes into the pocket

Question 53

who can do phagocytosis

Answer 53

eukaryotes only

Question 54

two areas in which you can do your digestion

Answer 54

detritovores, saprotrophs

Question 55

detritovores

Answer 55

internal digestion earthworms, milipedes, pill bugs

Question 56

saprotrophs

Answer 56

external digestion all free living chemoheterotrophic bacteria all fungi because they also have rigid cell walls

Question 57

does bacteria like moist soil

Answer 57

yes

Question 58

do fungi like moist conditions

Answer 58

yes but also able to thrive in dry better than bacteria (will take over)

Question 59

what pH do bacterial like

Answer 59

neutral

Question 60

can fungi survive low pH better than bacteria

Answer 60

yes

Question 61

Do bacteria require o2

Answer 61

no, they will only slow down

Question 62

do fungi require o2

Answer 62

yes

Question 63

who does better in an o2 shortage bacteria or fungi

Answer 63

bactera

Question 64

who does better in dry soil bacterial or fungi

Answer 64

fungi

Question 65

who tolerates acidity better bacteria or fungi

Answer 65

fungi

Question 66

who tolerates tillage better bacteria or fungi

Answer 66

bacteria