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Life Science > Life on This Rock: Section 2-2 > Flashcards

Life on This Rock: Section 2-2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are sugar molecules called?

A

Saccharides.

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2
Q

What is a single saccharide called?

A

Monosaccharide.

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3
Q

What are multiple saccharides called?

A

Polysaccharides.

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4
Q

What do plants convert glucose into?

A

Starch.

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5
Q

How do plants form cellulose?

A

They link rows of glucose polymers by hydrogen bonding.

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6
Q

What is a polymer?

A

A substance that has a molecular structure that consists of a large number of similar units bonded together.

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7
Q

What are the cell walls of plant cells and the trunks of trees made of?

A

Cellulose.

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8
Q

What is chitin?

A

A strong, glucose-based polymer that makes up the exoskeleton of insects and crustaceans.

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9
Q

True or false? We can digest cellulose.

A

False.

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10
Q

Why is fiber good for us?

A

It scrapes along the sides of our intestines and cleans them.

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11
Q

Do complex or simple sugars give long, sustained bursts of energy?

A

Complex.

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12
Q

Do lipids have a simple or complex structure?

A

Simple.

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13
Q

What are the two common names for lipids?

A

Fats and oils.

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14
Q

What purposes do fats serve?

A

They are long-term energy storage and insulation.

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15
Q

What purposes do oils serve?

A

They waterproof things.

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16
Q

What are fatty acids?

A

The lipid portion of fats and oils. It is made of a long hydrocarbon chain that has a carboxyl functional group.

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17
Q

What will an acid molecule do in water?

A

Dissociate, yielding an H+ and negative ion.

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18
Q

Why don’t molecules of fats and oils dissolve in water?

A

Oils and fats are non-polar molecules, whereas water molecules are polar. Therefore, the oil molecules are more attracted to each other than to the water molecules.

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19
Q

What molecule do fatty acids combine with to make fats and oils?

A

Glycerol.

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20
Q

What does glycerol do that binds fatty acids together?

A

It binds three fatty acids together via a dehydration reaction.

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21
Q

Is an assembled molecule of fat/oil polar or non-polar?

A

Non-polar

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22
Q

What element is the “backbone” of an oil/fat made of?

A

Carbon

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23
Q

What kinds of bonds can carbon form with itself?

A

Single or double.

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24
Q

What does the term “saturated” mean in the context of chemistry?

A

A chain of carbons with the maximum amount of hydrogen atoms associated with it.

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25
Q

What is an unsaturated fat?

A

A fat that does not have the maximum amount of carbon atoms associated with it.

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26
Q

Why do fat molecules bend?

A

Their double bond forces it.

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27
Q

What does the bend in a fat molecule do?

A

It results in a molecule that is solid or liquid at room temperature.

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28
Q

What is an S-shaped fat called?

A

A trans fat.

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29
Q

What is the curved shape of a fat called?

A

A cis fat.

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30
Q

True or false? Fats are always bad for us.

A

False.

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31
Q

What is an example of a fat that is very important to our health?

A

Omega 3 fish oil.

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32
Q

Why does fat taste good to us?

A

It developed over evolutionary time when food was scarce. It contains more energy than protein, so fat helped early man make it through tough times.

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33
Q

What is the worst kind of fat?

A

Trans fat.

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34
Q

What sort of problems do saturated fats cause?

A

They stick to arterial walls and can clog them.

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35
Q

What can happen if the four arteries coming from the heart get clogged?

A

Heart attack.

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36
Q

What can happen if the capillaries the brain get clogged?

A

Stroke.

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37
Q

What are the arteries in the heart called?

A

The coronary arteries.

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38
Q

Why are the cravings for fat dangerous in the modern day?

A

We do not have to hunt for food, because it is available in excess.

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39
Q

How are trans fats formed?

A

A process called hydrogenation.

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40
Q

What is hydrogenation?

A

A process where hydrogens are artificially added to unsaturated fats, forcing them to straighten out.

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41
Q

Why are trans fats so dangerous?

A

They increase production of the cholesterol that increases heart attacks and decreases levels of the kind that prevents them.

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42
Q

Steroids are a form of _____.

A

Lipids.

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43
Q

True or false? Steroids have long hydrocarbon backbones.

A

False.

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44
Q

Describe the molecular properties of steroids.

A

They are four connected carbon rings that are insoluble in water.

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45
Q

What do steroids do?

A

Help us develop.

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46
Q

What does estrogen do?

A

Help memory and regulate metabolism.

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47
Q

What does testosterone do?

A

Stimulate muscle growth.

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48
Q

What disease can steroids promote in the long run?

A

Cancer.

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49
Q

What are proteins?

A

Polymers assembled from amino acids.

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50
Q

True or false? Amino acids have a functional group on each end.

A

True.

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51
Q

Do proteins consist of similar monomers or different ones?

A

Similar.

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52
Q

What is the primary structure of a protein?

A

The order in which amino acids are assembled.

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53
Q

True or false? Proteins can twist to accommodate positive or negative charges.

A

True.

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54
Q

What is a spiral stair case shape of a protein called?

A

Alpha-helix.

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55
Q

What is a pleated sheet shape?

A

A protein that is folded.

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56
Q

What is the tertiary structure?

A

The bringing together of protein parts that were initially far apart.

57
Q

What is the secondary structure?

A

Proteins that twist around according to the positive or negative charges.

58
Q

Some proteins must associate with another to carry out their ______.

A

Function.

59
Q

What is hemoglobin?

A

The protein that carries oxygen in our blood cells.

60
Q

What allows proteins to carry out many diverse functions in cells?

A

The ability to form different shapes.

61
Q

What are some things proteins can do?

A

Form fibers, keep the cells shape, transport vesicles, form tissues and organs, break down molecules, and build molecules.

62
Q

Why are nucleic acids called acids?

A

They contain functional groups that shed an H+ ion.

63
Q

Are nucleic and fatty acids corrosive?

A

No.

64
Q

What is the alternating chain that forms a nucleic acid?

A

Sugar, phosphate, sugar, phosphate, etc….

65
Q

What is the second group of a sugar within a nucleic acid called?

A

A nucleotide.

66
Q

Why are nucleotides sometimes called bases?

A

They take up free H+ ions.

67
Q

How many bases are there in DNA?

A

Four.

68
Q

What are the “steps” in DNA?

A

Nucleotides.

69
Q

What hold strands of DNA together?

A

Hydrogen bonds.

70
Q

Why can proteins form so many shapes compared to other biological molecules?

A

They can fold and contort.

71
Q

What are some things that would be required to build a self-replicating, self-sustaining machine?

A

An energy source, blueprints, machinery to make parts, garbage collector and disposal, IM delivery system, a transport system.

72
Q

What is the origin of cell theory?

A

Robert Hooke was twirling a cork between his fingers and noticed the wood of the cork was different from the wood of the table. He sliced off a piece of cork and looked at it under a microscope and saw little chambers which he called “cells”.

73
Q

When did Robert Hooke develop cell theory?

A

1665.

74
Q

What did Robert Hooke actually see under the microscope? (He didn’t actually see cells)

A

Cell walls left over from dead cells.

75
Q

Who is considered the father of microbiology?

A

Antoine Van Leeuwennhoek

76
Q

What did AVL see moving around rapidly in a drop of pond water when he viewed it under a microscope?

A

“Wee animalcules”

77
Q

What do the three main parts of cell theory state?

A
  1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells.
  2. Cells are the basic unit of all organisms and the smallest unit of life.
  3. Cells arise only by division of a pre-existing cell.
78
Q

What is the envelope of a cell called?

A

The cell membrane.

79
Q

What is the purpose of the cell membrane?

A

To protect the inside of the cell from the stuff outside.

80
Q

Is the cell membrane hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

A

Hydrophobic.

81
Q

What are phospholipids?

A

They make up the cell membrane with a phosphate group on one end and a hydrophilic lipid on the other.

82
Q

Why don’t we use standard light microscopes to study the structures within cells?

A

The wavelength of light is too large whereas the wavelength of the electron microscope is much smaller.

83
Q

How many fatty acids do phospholipids have?

A

Two.

84
Q

How are phospholipids arranged in the cell membrane?

A

The two hydrophobic portions face each other inwards and the hydrophilic portions face outwards.

85
Q

What is the layer of combined phospholipids in a cell membrane called?

A

The phospholipid bilayer.

86
Q

How does a cell take in food and water and expel waste?

A

They fuse with and split off portions of membranes that are made of the same phospholipid bilayer.

87
Q

What is a good analogy for how cells take in nutrients and rid themselves of wastes?

A

Bubbles forming and breaking apart.

88
Q

What is the interior watery fluid of a cell called?

A

Cytoplasm.

89
Q

How do cells get rid of wastes exactly?

A

They form small phospholipid bilayers around waste products and then fuse it with the cell membrane from the inside to dump the contents outside the cell.

90
Q

What are the small bubbles within cells called?

A

Vesicles.

91
Q

Besides waste expulsion, what else are vesicles used for?

A

Organizing things and making compartments.

92
Q

What do proteins do within a cell?

A

They bring things in and out of a cell and allow the cell to interact with other cells and the environment.

93
Q

What property of certain proteins allows them to immerse in the cell membrane?

A

They are hydrophobic.

94
Q

Besides not being able to mix with water, what does hydrophobic mean in regards to cells?

A

It will also partition with other hydrophobic molecules whenever possible.

95
Q

Which part of a protein is hydrophobic?

A

Any nonpolar part.

96
Q

What part of a protein is hyrophilic?

A

Any polar part.

97
Q

What happens when a protein with both a hydrophobic and hydrophilic end inserts itself into the cell membrane?

A

It only inserts partway.

98
Q

How do “donut” proteins regulate what goes in and out of the cell?

A

They have a hole in the center that only allows certain molecules that fit in or out of the cell.

99
Q

What are recognition proteins?

A

Proteins with sugars that extend from their surface and identify cells.

100
Q

What do recognition proteins allow our immune system to do?

A

Tell it what is an invader.

101
Q

How do recognition proteins detect invaders?

A

They identify the surface proteins and see if they match ours.

102
Q

Why do we need a special match when getting an organ transplant?

A

Because if the surface proteins of the donated organ do not match, the immune system will attack it.

103
Q

What happens when the surface recognition proteins detect an invader?

A

The immune system attacks it.

104
Q

What is a donor match?

A

A donated organ that has the same surface proteins as our own.

105
Q

Why is a family member often the best organ donor?

A

Because they often have the same or very similar surface proteins.

106
Q

What kind of drugs does someone receiving a transplant need?

A

Immunosuppressants.

107
Q

Hormones are sent through our _____ all the time.

A

Bloodstream.

108
Q

What is the name of the response that is triggered when we think we are in danger?

A

Fight or flight.

109
Q

What kind of proteins do cells that need to respond to a particular hormone have?

A

Receptor proteins.

110
Q

How do receptor proteins identify the hormones they are looking for?

A

They have a special pocket into which only that particular hormone fits.

111
Q

True or false? Any cell can respond to any hormone.

A

False.

112
Q

What allows us to pump hormones throughout our body indiscriminately?

A

The fact that only appropriate cells respond to the individual hormones.

113
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Proteins that facilitate reactions.

114
Q

What is glycogen?

A

A chain of glucose.

115
Q

How would an enzyme form glycogen?

A

The enzyme would have pockets into which two glucose molecules fit. It would then hold them there until the dehydration reaction occurs and brings them together.

116
Q

True or false? Some enzymes are embedded into the inner aspect of the cell membrane.

A

True.

117
Q

What property of some transmembrane proteins allow cells to form tissues and organs?

A

They can grab onto the same protein in an adjacent cell.

118
Q

What is the cytoskeleton of the cell made of?

A

Proteins.

119
Q

What do cytoskeleton proteins hook together to form?

A

Long fibers.

120
Q

How many types of fibers are there in cytoskeletons are there?

A

Three.

121
Q

True or false? One of the main purposes of cytoskeleton fibers is maintaining the shape of the cell.

A

True.

122
Q

Why are the fibers of the cytoskeleton necessary to maintain the cell’s shape?

A

The cell membrane cannot maintain its shape on its own.

123
Q

What is the concave dent on red blood cells maintained by?

A

It is maintained by a web of actin protein fibers within the cell membrane.

124
Q

True or false? The shape of the actin web within every cell is the same.

A

False. It varies from cell to cell.

125
Q

Why do the cells lining our intestines have finger-like extensions?

A

It gives the cell a greater surface area.`

126
Q

What are microtubules and why are they called that?

A

They are a type of cytoskeletal protein that perform transport functions and they are so named because they looked like hollow tubes when viewed under early microscopes.

127
Q

Where do microtubules radiate from and where do they go?

A

They radiate from the center of the cell and extend in all directions to the plasma membrane.

128
Q

What do microtubules do?

A

They act as transport railways for vesicles.

129
Q

Does transport go in both directions along microtubules?

A

Yes.

130
Q

What are the three classes of cytoskeletal fibers?

A

Actin, microtubules, and intemediate filaments.

131
Q

How did intermediate filaments get their name?

A

They are intermediate in diameter between actin filaments and microtubules.

132
Q

What do intermediate filaments do in a cell?

A

They provide physical strength and durability.

133
Q

What are the two main purposes of microtubules?

A

To take in nutrients and eject waste products.

134
Q

How do intermediate filaments provide strength to a cell?

A

They Connect to actin and bind to the transmembrane proteins that hold cells together.

135
Q

True or false? Hair is entirely made from intermediate filament proteins.

A

True.

136
Q

What kinds of proteins are all that remains after a cell dies?

A

Intermediate filaments.

137
Q

What are organelles?

A

The tiny organs contained within cells.

138
Q

Do both plant and animal cells have organelles?

A

Yes.

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