Life Science 1 Flashcards
(132 cards)
1
Q
What 2 things are essential to all life?
A
energy and water
2
Q
What is energy?
A
the ability to do work
3
Q
What are the 2 types of energy?
A
Kinetic and Potential
4
Q
What is Kinetic Energy?
A
the energy that a body possesses by virtue of being in motion
5
Q
What is Potential Energy?
A
he energy possessed by a body by virtue of its position relative to others, stresses within itself, electric charge, and other factors
6
Q
How do living organisms get their energy?
A
by making their own food or acquiring it from an outside source (Autotrophs and Heterotrophs)
7
Q
What is an Autotroph?
A
living organisms that can make their own food Ex: plants
8
Q
What is a Heterotroph?
A
living organisms that quire their food from an outside source
9
Q
What are the 2 types of Heterotrophs?
A
Consumers and decomposers
10
Q
What is a consumer?
A
living organisms that eat their food Ex: mammals, insects, reptiles
11
Q
What is a decomposer?
A
living organism absorbs their own food Ex: bacteria, fungi
12
Q
What are the 2 main laws of energy?
A
1st Law of Thermodynamics and 2nd Law of Thermodynamics
13
Q
What is the 1st Law of Thermodynamics?
A
matter and energy can not be created nor destroyed but may be changed in form
14
Q
What is every living thing’s #1 job assignment?
A
to get energy outside of yourself
15
Q
What is matter formed of?
A
elements
16
Q
What is the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics?
A
the amount of free (organized) energy in the universe is declining
17
Q
What is entropy?
A
the measure of disorganized energy
18
Q
How does energy leave an organism?
A
through heat
19
Q
What does most of the biggest animals eat?
A
plants (autotrophs)
20
Q
What is the greatest user of energy?
A
metabolism
21
Q
What is another name for the water cycle?
A
hydrocycle
22
Q
Name the bonds from strongest to weakest.
A
Ionic, Covalent, and Hydrogen
23
Q
Which bond will bend before it will break?
A
hydrogen
24
Q
What are the only naturally occurring liquid found on Earth?
A
Water and mercury
25
What are the 5 unique properties of water?
1) water has a high specific heat 2) water has a high heat of vaporization 3) water has a high heat of fusion 4) water is most dense at 4°C 5) water has a high surface tension
26
How many calories does it typically take to change 1 degree?
1 calorie per gram of water 1 cal/ 1g/ 1°C
27
What is acclimation?
physiological adjustment by an organism to environmental change Ex: aquatic animals in water, water temp changes gradually
28
How many calories does it take for the temperature to go from 100°C to 101°C?
540 cal per gram of water 540 cal / 1g
29
How many calories does it take for the temperature to go from 0°C to -1°C?
80 cal per gram of water 80 cal/ 1g
30
What degree is water most dense at?
4°C
31
Where on Earth is there barely any wind?
around the equator
32
What is Ecology?
the study of living organisms and their relationship to the environment
33
Name and describe the relationships of ecology.
34
Name the reasons humans have a disproportionate effect on the environment.
1) Human Population - is growing exponetially
2) Limiting Factors - don't affect human populations in the way they effect other populations
3) Human Technology -
35
Who coined the term ecology?
Ernst Hackel in 1869
36
Name each ecology group from cells to biosphere.
Cells
37
Where do the ecology start?
anything after organisms
38
Name the 8 characteristics of populations.
1) size - expressed by number
2) density - number/ area; number/ volume
3) distributions - 3 types
4) dispersal rate
5) population growth - growth rates
6) age distributions
7) populations interact with other populations
8) Niche overlap and competitive
39
Name the 3 types of distributions.
uniform, random, clumped
40
Which type of distribution is the least and most common?
least - uniform
most - clumped
41
Can distribution change over time?
yes, for example: migration
42
What is dispersal rate?
how fast a species can cover a territory
43
What is the equation for growth rates?
r = B - D
44
What is carrying capacity?
the max number of individuals that can be sustained indefinitely
45
What are the 2 types of growth patterns?
density dependent and density independent
46
What is density dependent growth patterns?
- Limiting factors dependent on density
- higher population → more likely for disease
- higher population → less food/ water
- higher population → less area
47
What is denistiy independent of a growth patterns?
- limiting factors not dependent on density
- ex: natural disasters- blizzards, fire, floods
48
What are the 4 types of populations the interact with other popultions?
1) predator - prey
2) parasite - host
3) commensalism
4) mutualism
49
What is a predator - prey relationship?
- a relationship where one is benefitted and one is greatly harmed
- improves genetics of prey
- drives evolution of predators
50
What is a parasite - host relationship?
a relationship where one is benefitted and one is harmed
51
Describe commensualism.
a relationship where on species is benefitted and one is unaffected
52
Describe mutualism.
- both species benefit and depend on each other
- one cannot live with out the other
- when one species go extinct, about 6 others go extinct because of it
53
What is niche overlap and competative exclusion?
no 2 species can live in the same niche, at the same place, at the same time
54
What do you call animals out during the daytime?
diurnal
55
What so you call animals out during the night time?
nocturnal
56
What do call animals out during dusk and dawn?
crepuscular
57
What is a community?
2 or more populations living together
58
What are 2 types of succession in a communities?
1) primary (1 stage)
2) secondary (several stages)
59
What is consider primary in a community?
- takes place on bare
- lichens - algae and fungus living together
60
What is considered secondary in a community?
moss → grass → small plants → small woody plants → trees
61
What is an ecosystem?
- 2 or more communities plus non-living factors (abiotic factors)
- can be big or small
- can be connected to another ecosystem
62
Name an ecosystem -
- Tennessee River
- Florida Glades
63
What 3 things do an ecosystem need?
1) producers
2) consumers
3) decomposers
64
What is a Biome?
- a system of ecosystems living together
- are formed by temperature and rainfall
65
Describe the biome map.
- hottest away around the tropical rain forrest
~ around the equator where the air is warm
~ as you move away from the equator, it gets dryer
66
What are the 9 biomes?
1) Tundra
2) Tiaga
3) Temperate Grasslands
4) Temperate Deciduous
5) Mountains
6) Dessert
7) Tropical Rainforest
8) Tropical Grassland/ Savannah
9) Temperate
67
Describe Tundra.
- very cold, dry air
- ground permenently frozen
- animals: raindeer, artic fox, lemmings
- plants: no plants with roots; lichens
68
Describe Tiaga.
- cold; 12 weeks of warm weather
- warmer and wetter than Tiaga
- pineneedle adaptation to prevent water loss
- animals: moose, elk, squirrels, hawks, eagles
- plants: evergreen trees
69
Describe Temperate Grasslands.
- harsh climates
- constant winds
- very cold winters; very hot summers
- a wet season and a dry season
- animals: praire dogs, snake, ferrets, buffalo
70
Describe Temperate Deciduous.
- trees loose leaves
- not too cold or hot
- most animals live in this area
71
Describe Mountains.
- changes different biomes as you go up
72
Describe Dessert.
- determined by rainfall
- can be hot or cold
~ can be 120° during the day and 50° at night
~ because of no moisture
- nearly all animals are nocturnal
- animals have a major adaptation to kidneys to preserve water
- most are in the shadow of a mountain
- animals: camels, scorpians, mice
- plants: catus
~trunk photosynthesize
73
Describe Tropical Rainforest.
- hot day and night
- lots of moisture
- over 50% of animals live here
- 60% of oxygen
- animals: monkeys, tucans, boas, andaconda
- plants: mohogony, kapot
74
Describe Tropical Grassland/ Savannah
- a big part of Africa
- clumps of trees
- parts of it is deciduous forest
- animals roam between the 2 areas
- the animals are fast
- hot
- rainy and dry season
- animals migrate
- plants: akacia
75
Describe Temperate Forest.
76
What is the Biosphere?
total amount of life on earth
77
What are the 2 types of cells?
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
78
Describe prokaryotic
- no distinct nucleus
- have RNA and DNA
- have a cell wall
- no mitochondria
- smaller
- no cell organelles
79
Describe eukaryotic.
- have a distinct nucleus
- have DNA and RNA
- may or may not have a cell wall
- have mitochondria
- bigger
- has cell organelles
80
Give examples of cell organelles.
- endoplasmic reticular
- golgi bodies
- lysomes
81
Name the 5 kingdoms
1) monera
2) protista
3) fungi
4) plantae
5) animalia
82
Who came up with the 5 kingdoms?
R H Whittaker 1969
83
How did Whittaker organize the 5 kingdoms?
by type of cell and mode of nutrition
84
Who is Dr. Lynn Margulis?
- "The the Endosymbiotic Theory"
- no sunlight hit earth because of heavy cloud coverage
- bacteria learned to use sunlight as energy (cynobacteria)
- waste product was oxygen (deadly poison at that time)
- population exploded
- other bacteria had to evolve because of this
- free living mitochondria
- predators to other bacteria
- other bacteria lived in groups to protect themselves (blob)
- mitochondria started living in "blob"
- discovered mitochondria had DNA
85
Lable each kingdom's type and mode of nutrition.
1) monera - single celled/ decomposers and producers
2) protista - mostly single celled/ consumers and producers
3) fungi - mostly multicelled/ decomposers
4) plantae - mostly multicelled/ producers
5) animalia - multicelled/ consumers
86
Describe Viruses
- not in kingdom because they are nonsellular
- need cells to reproduce
- include RNA viruses and DNA Viruses
87
What is the Parvovirus?
- not too bad in humans
- can be fatel in animals
88
What is the Papovirus?
- worts; worts = tumor
- high correlation with HPV
- highly sensitive to sea temperatures
89
What is Herpes?
- never goes away
- Simplex 1 - neck up
~reproduces by low immune system or stress
- Simplex 2 - neck down
- causes chicken pox
90
What is the Pox Viruse?
- shingles
- smallpox - killed most people of all viruses
~ belived to be eradicated
91
What is Enterovirus?
- polio
- still found in some African countries
92
What is the Retoviruses?
- leukemia
- tumors
- AIDs/ HIV
~ feeds on cells
~ uses T-cell (white blood cell) to reproduce
~ mainly gay man and drug users (needles), and people with hemophilia (infected blood supply)
~ already in Africa = called slims
~virus doesn't kill you
~ weaker immune system does
93
What is Rhinoviruses?
- common cold
94
What is the Togavirus?
- yellow fever
~ get it by being bitten by mosquito
~affects liver
- rubella "german measles"
~ only bad if pregnant
95
What is the Influenza Virus?
- flu
- more common in dense areas
- from pigs
96
Describe Monera.
- single celled
- prokaryotic
- no mitochondria
- small
- has a cell wall
- reporduce by binary fission
- it has heterotrophs (decomposers) and autotrophs (autotrophs and chemosynthetic)
97
Name some examples of Monera.
- coccus
- bacillus
- spirillum ~
98
What is the difference between binaryfission and mitosis?
- in mitosis you have a nucleus
- in binary fission it does not
- can see the stages of mitosis but not in binary fission
99
Describe Protista.
- mostly single celled
- eukaryotic
- heterotrophs (consumers) and autotrophs (producers)
- consumers - amoeba, parameccium, euglena
- producers - euglenids, Dinoflagellets, Diatoms, Desmid (all single celled)
100
What are the different kinds of algae for Protista?
Red, Brown, and Green
101
What is red algae?
- photosynthetic pigment is red
- major producer in marine communities
- zooanthelle- the algae that lives on the coral reef
- 2 products
~ geletin
~Agar- sterile liquid that solidifies to grow bacteria and mold on
102
What is Zooanthelle?
red algae tha lives on the coral reef
103
What is agar?
made from red algae; sterile liquid that solidifies to grow bacteria and mold on
104
What 2 products are made from red algae?
geletin and agar
105
Describe brown algae
- usually bigger
- Kelp - Haploid
~ can grow to 200ft
~floats on top
~because oxygen releases CO2
- 1 product - algin
~ made from kelp
~ used in high priced ice cream
~ high priced pudding
~ salad dressings
- Diploid - 2N gameophyte
- Haploid - N sporophyte
106
What product does brown algae make?
Algin
107
Describe Green Algae.
- fresh water algae
- occurs in filiment, colonies, and sheets
- m universally very slick
- likes warm water and water with nutrient loads
- death to coral because it kills red algae
108
Describe Fungi.
- decomposers
- prokaryotic
- includes saprobes and parasites
- symbiotic relationship with plants
- examples: soil fungus, food poisoning, nail fungus, mildew, jock itch,
109
What is saprobes?
feeds on dead or dying organisms
110
What are parasites?
111
what is hyphae?
filiments that come off of bacteria in fungus that is coccus
112
Describe Plantae.
- multicellular
- photosynthetic - autotroph
- range in size
- microscopic to over 100ft
- most are vascular
113
What is vasucular?
- they have xylem and phylem
- have the ability to be tall
114
What are bryophytes?
- mosses, liverwarts, hornwort
- nonvascular land plants
- no xylem or phylem
- most most common
- follows lichens in succession
- sperm swims to egg
115
describe ferns, lycophytes
- seedless vascular plants
- mostly found in wet, humid areas
116
Who is John Muir?
- founder of Sierra Club
117
Who is Charles Darwin?
- proved natural selection
- father of evolution
118
What is climatology?
climate makes weather
119
What is ecology?
organisms and their relationship with their environment
120
Who is Gregor Mendel?
Father of genetics
121
What is albedo?
measure of reflectivity
122
What is an endangered species?
Animals on the verge of extinction
123
What are homsapians?
first humans
124
What is ZPG?
Zero population growth
125
What is mortality?
death rate
126
What is natality?
birth rate
127
Who is Aldo Leopold?
wrote the sand county almanac
128
What is natural selection?
strongest survive
129
Who is James D Watson?
- discovered the double helix structure of the DNA molecule
- won nobel prize
130
Who is Frances Crick?
- discovered the double helix structure of the DNA molecule
- won nobel prize
131
Who is Apt. James Cook?
- first european to set foot on Hawaii
- killed on hawaii
132
What does HIPPO stand for?
- why species become extinct
- habitat destruction
- invasive species
- pollution
- population
- over-havesting
