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life span Flashcards

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1
Q

what is life span

A

-it is development psychology
-stages of people from conception to death

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2
Q

what are the different periods of developments

A
  • infancy →birth -2 years
  • early childhood→2-5 years
  • adolescence→12-18 years
  • early adulthood→18-40 years.
  • Middle adulthood→40-60 years
  • late adulthood→60+ years
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3
Q

what are the areas of development

A
  • physical- changes in the body
  • cognitive- change in mental ability Eg, memory, language skills, decision making.
  • social- changes in relationships, the ability to react with others
  • emotional- changes in your feelings and how you express them
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4
Q

what is quantitative changes

A

a change in the amount of thought feeling or behavior

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5
Q

what is Qualitative changes

A

change in quality, kind of type Eg: crawling to walking

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6
Q

what are the two different views of development

A

continuous and discontinuous

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7
Q

what is continuous development

A
  • development is gradual and ongoing
  • quantitative changes are continuous
    -consider height- we gorw in very, very small amounts each day
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8
Q

what is discontinuous development

A
  • development has distinct and separate stages that you progress
    -qualitative changed are discontinuous
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9
Q

Advantages of cross-sectional research

A
  • results can be collected quickly (ask each group at the same time)
  • less likely that participants will withdraw from the research
    cheap
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10
Q

Disadvantages to cross-sectional research

A

-it does not determine cause and effect
-cohort effects- people in the same age group may have been affected by a shared experience

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11
Q

what is Longitudinal research

A

-Research is repeated with the same people many times
-For example: at school we may investigate if students mathematics skills improve as they get older
-We could test this every two years (NAPLAN)

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12
Q

Advantages of Longitudinal research

A

It is possible to identify patterns over time
Observation of changes is more accurate than cross-sectional studies

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13
Q

disadvantages of Longitudinal research

A

Time consuming
Expensive
Participant drop out

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14
Q

what are the differences between cross sectional and longitudinal

A

cross section longitudinal
-1 point in time. -several paints in time
-different samples -same samples
-snapshot of given - change at the individual level
point in time Eg; british birth cohort studies
Eg: british social
atitudes survey

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15
Q

who is piaget

A
  • Swiss psychologist know for his work on children development
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16
Q

what does piaget theories of development include

A

-Schema theory
-Accommodation vs. assimilation
-Four stages of cognitive development

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17
Q

schema are used to…

A

-Organise our knowledge
-To assist recall
-To guide our behaviour
-To predict likely happening
-To help us to make sense of current experiences

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18
Q

what is a schema

A
  • Schemas are cognitive structures that are derived from prior experience and knowledge
    -They set up expectations about what is probable in relation to particular scenarios
    -Schemas are culturally specific but may vary even within a single culture because of such factors as class
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19
Q

what are the two ways we deal with new information

A

Accommodation
-When as existing schema is replaced
Assimilation
-When you add information to your schema

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20
Q

what are the stages of cognitive development

A

-Sensorimotor stage- birth to 2 years
-Preoperational stage- 2-7 years
-Concrete operational stage- 7-11 years
-Formal operational stage-12 and up

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21
Q

what is the sensorimotor stage

A
  • piaget
    -happens between birth to 2 years
  • children learn about the word around them through sensation and movement
    -use basic actions like grasping, looking and listening
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22
Q

what is the reaction that happens between 1-4 months

A

Primary circular reaction-Begin to repeat pleasurable actions

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23
Q

what is the reaction that happens between 4-8 months

A

Secondary circular reactions-Intentionally repeat actions to trigger a response

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24
Q

what is the reaction that happens between 12-18 months

A

Tertiary circular reactions-Trial and error experimentation

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25
what is objective permanence
the child understands that people and objects exist even when they can't see them
26
what is goal directed behaviour
children realise specific actions have a result
27
what is the pre-operational stage
- piaget - 2-7 years -Children begin to think symbolically (objects can represent ideas) -Begin to see imaginative play eg. pretending to be a teacher. Nurse, doctor etc. -Child begins to think in more complex ways
28
what are key features of pre-operational stage
Egocentrism Animism Transformation Centration Reversibility
29
what is egocentrism
-Is a concept what children at this stage do not understand -The child is only able of thinking about things on their own point of view
30
what is animism
-Is the belief that everything is alive and has feelings -This is generally linked with egocentrism, and these children believes that everything feels exactly the same as themselves
31
what is transformation
-Is the understanding that things can change shape or form -A child can understand that ice melts and turners into water but cannot explain why this occurs
32
what is centration
-A child can only focus on one quality at a time, at this stage do not understand -Eg the child can only focus on the length of a group of objects, they cannot take into account the quantity and space
33
what is reversibility
-The ability to track an argument to its starting point -This accomplishment develops in the later years of the preoperational stage
34
what is the formal operational stage
-12+ years -Children can think abstractly and reason about hypothetical problems -More complex thought processes become evident and thinking becomes more sophisticated -Individuals can think about moral, philosophical, ethical, political, issues, etc.
35
what are the key accomplishments in the formal operational stage
-Abstract thinking: a way of knowing what something is would literally seeing it “what is honesty” -Logical thinking: individuals can develop plans to solve problems. Identify a range of possible solutions. Develop hypotheses and systematically test solution
36
what is the difference in piaget and eriksons theory
Where piaget looked at the cognitive development throughout the lifespan, erikson’s theory considers the psychosocial development
37
early childhood experiences are important in the development of
- social behaviour -attachment -social skills developed through early interactions
38
what did erikson belive
there are eight stages of psychosocial development and in each stage individuals faces a different psychosocial crisis
39
what is a psychosocial crisis
A psychosocial crisis is a social dilemma or problem an individual faces in adjustment to society
40
what is eriksons theory
individual psychological process + lifetime social experiences= psychosocial development
41
what does society pressure people to change
Society pressures individuals to make major changes to their thoughts, feeling and behaviour
42
what are the eight psychosocial crisis
- Autonomy vs shame/doubt - Initiative vs guilt -Industry vs inferiority -Identity vs confusion - Intimacy vs isolation -Generativity vs stagnation -Integrity vs despair
43
what do you develop from 18 months-3 years
Autonomy vs shame/doubt
44
what do you develop at 3-5 years
Initiative vs guilt
45
what do you develop at 5-13 years
Industry vs inferiority
46
what do you develop at 13-21 years
Identity vs confusion
47
what do you develop from 21-39 years
Intimacy vs isolation
48
what do you develop from 40-65 years
Generativity vs stagnation
49
what do you develop 65 and over
Integrity vs despair
50
what are the 7 virtue developed
-hope -will -purpose -fidelity -love -care -wisdome
51
why is it important to pass all eight stages of eriksons theory
Successful resolution of each crisis should be in favour of positive characteristics Eg: trust rather than mistrust
52
how do you come out of eriksons first stage trust vs mistrust
the infant needs to develop the right balance of trust and mistrust
53
what is trust
views and expectations about their world - infant can view world as predictable, safe, caring and a happy place.
54
if the world is predictable for infants they can
anticipate reactions
55
Eriksons theory suggest when baby’s are hungry
the can rely on being fed which is trust
56
for an infant to grow into a person who is
trusting and trustworthy the quality of care the infant receives is important
57
for a baby to have trust they must also
have some knowledge of mistrust if healthy development is to occur
58
Erikson believed that under certain circumstances developing mistrust rather than trust can form the basis...
of anti social behaviour in life
59
Sometimes a sense of trust can be lost ...
later due to traumatic life experiences
60
Trust infants sets the stage for
a lifelong expectation that the world will be a good and pleasant place.
61
Erikson believed that successful attempts by infants to establish their...
independence during these years contributes to a sense of autonomy 18 moths to 3 years
62
Autonomy refers to the ability to do things
independently and the feelings of self control, self confidance self-reliance and competence which accompanies this
63
Autonomy vs Shame or Doubt is based on the infant’s developing
motor and cognitive abilities Infants are gaining more control over their bodies
64
If caregivers do for infant what they are capable of themselves then child feels
shame and doubt
65
According to Erikson, initiative involves
being able to plan, think for oneself and carry out various kinds of activities with purpose
66
children in the initiative vs guild stage become aware of what
become aware of limits, what is acceptable, and about what is allowed and what will be tolerated etc
67
children during the initiative vs guilt stage
Children at this age are very active and have a great deal of control over their bodies
68
children in the initiative vs guilt stage
Also become aware of rules, what is permitted, what is tolerated and what is not…even questions you shouldn’t ask
69
for a child to leave the stage initiative vs guilt it depends on
caregivers and if they are going to leave this stage with guilt or initiative
70
According to Erikson, initiative involves
being industry
71
kidss in the industry vs inferiority are
(learning how things are made, how they work, what they do), unless they are restricted by feelings of inferiority or inadequacy
72
kids int he industry vs inferiority stage are ___ dependent
No longer depends solely on care-taking efforts of parents - school now plays a large part.
73
when children are praised they are
rewarded for the results then their sense of industry is enhanced
74
Efforts which are seen as a __ in the industry adn inferiority stage seem
like making a mess/mischief helps to develop a sense of interiority
75
Erikson used the term identity to refer to...
general picture people have of themselfs
76
erikson believed that identity is
something all people seek and that the search for identity is a life long search.
77
the task for identity v identity confusion
for adolescents to use their cognitive abilities to bring together all things they have learned about themselves in the many roles they have undertaken in life.
78
Psychosocial crisis involves
developing a scene of intimacy
79
Failure to resolve the intimacy crisis...
results in avoiding interpersonal relationships and experiencing a sense of isolation
80
Intimacy refers to the ability
to share with and are about other person without fear of losing oneself in the process
81
what does isolation refer to
the sence of being alone without anyone to share life with or care for
82
during the stage of intimacy and isolation it becomes ...
possible for the first time to engage in a truly intimate relationship with a person outside the family
83
Generativity refers to a person’s
concerns with others beyond their immediate familiy
84
People who achieve generatively
build their loves around doing things that help others,
85
Generatively can be achieve through
paid and unpaid work being a parent
86
Integrity vs Despair comes...
at a time when most of a person’s life’s work is nearing completion and time for reflection
87
integrity refers to
a sense of satisfaction with ones achievements in life and a belief that all happened in the course of their life has been useful, valuable and meaningful
88
what did Erikson believe about despair
some despair is inevitable

Physiology (3 decks)

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