Life Stages / Nutrient Overview

Question 1

Infancy

Answer 1

Birth - 1 year
Rapid growth
Development of oral cavity and function, fine and gross motor skills
Family bonding and social component of eating starts

Question 2

Preschool

Answer 2

Toddler: 1-3
Preschool: 3-5
Language, self feeding and simple meal prep, learns limits of acceptable behavior

Question 3

School Age

Answer 3

Middle Childhood: 5-10
Preadolescence: 9-11 for girls, 10-12 for boys
Polish fine and gross motor skills, develops personality, independence
Formation of food related behaviors due to environment and parental influences
basic nutrition edu

Question 4

Adolescence

Answer 4

11-21 years 
Changes in nutritional requirements based on body composition, not age 
Food choices based on social factors 
Eating disorders 
Gender differences after puberty

Question 5

Adulthood

Answer 5

21-64 years
Health promotion and disease prevention are the focus
Micronutrients change more than macros
Long term patterns
Goals of maintaining desirable weight, body fat composition, variety of foods and prevention of dx

Question 6

Aging

Answer 6

> 65
Fastest growing group in developed countries
Financial limitations
Increased malnutrition

Question 7

Carbs

Answer 7

45-65% kcals (DRI)

Metabolism yields ATP for energy, CO2 and H2O

Question 8

Glycemic Index

Answer 8

Measure of the extent to which BG is raised by a 50g portion of Carb compared to 50g of glucose
High GI = carbs are quickly and easily digested

Question 9

Fiber

Answer 9

2 kcal/g
Plant material remaining after digestion - bulk for elimination
Decreases rate of glucose absorption

Question 10

Fiber IOM

Answer 10

9-13    M: 25, F: 22
14-18  M: 31, F: 25
19-30  M: 34, F: 28
31-50  M: 31, F: 25
51+     M: 28, F: 22

Question 11

Prebiotics

Answer 11

Fiber-like indigestible carb
Broken down by colonic bacteria -> products foster growth of new bacteria
“Fertilizer”

Question 12

Probiotics

Answer 12

“Friendly” bacteria
Lactobacillus, Bifidobacteria, Acidophilus
Naturally occurring from fermentation

Question 13

Lactose Intolerance

Answer 13

Lactase sits on top of finger-like villi in GI tract - no lactase = can’t digest lactose -> bloating, distention, cramps, gas, diarrhea

Question 14

Protein

Answer 14

C, H, O and N (16% Nitrogen content)

10-35% kcals, usually 20%

Question 15

Essential Amino Acids

Answer 15

**Pvt. Tim Hall**
Phylalanine
Valine
Threonine
Tryptophan
Isoleucine
Methionine
Histidine
Arginine** (Semi-Essential)
Lysine
Leucine

Question 16

Semi-Essential AA

Answer 16

CAT
Cysteine, Arginine, Tyrosine
Essential during growth, infancy and sickness

Question 17

Vegetarian Diet

Answer 17

Combinations adequate in Lysine, Methionine and Tryptophan
Grains - Methionine
Legumes - Lysine

Question 18

Nonessential AA

Answer 18

Alanine, Asparagine, Aspartic Acid, Glutamic Acid, Glutamine, Glycine, Hydroxyproline, Hydroxylysine, Proline, Serine

Question 19

Fat

Answer 19

Stores energy in adipose tissue

20-35% DRI

Question 20

Essential Fatty Acids

Answer 20

Linoleic Acid (Omega 6) - vegetable oils, meats, human milk
Alpha Linoleic Acid (Omega 3) - EPA and DHA from fatty, cold-water fish, shellfish, human breast milk, dark leafy greens
Rec intake = 500 mg/day, US eats 100 mg/day

Question 21

Vitamins

Answer 21

Coenzymes in metabolic pathways

Essential in the diet

Question 22

Fat Soluble Vitamins

Answer 22

Stored in fat - so can be toxic
Vit A: eyes, epithelial tissues
Vit E: antioxidant
Vit D: Hormone, bone and mineral metabolism
Vit K: clotting

Question 23

Water Soluble Vitamins

Answer 23

Synthesized by plans and supplied in the diet by plants, except B12 (which is stored in the muscle)
All (except Vit C) are coenzyme factors in cell rx

Thiamin (B1), Niacin, Riboflavin, Pyridoxine (B6), Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, Folate, Vit C

Question 24

Minerals

Answer 24

Many essential to human life
Perform a wide variety of metabolic tasks
Occur in varying amounts in the body

Question 25

Major Minerals

Answer 25

``` Calcium Sodium Magnesium Sulfur Phosphorus Potassium Chloride ``` DRI = >100 mg/day

Question 26

Trace Minerals

Answer 26

``` Occur in small quantities in the body <100 mg/day Maintain homeostasis Excess Ca interferes with Fe and Mg absorption Excess Zn can reduce Cu absorption ``` Iron, Iodine, Manganese, Zinc, Cu, Chromium, Cobalt, Flourine, Molybdenum, Boron, Selenium, Cadmium, Silicone, Nickel, Vanadium, Tin, Arsenic, Aluminum

Question 27

Iron

Answer 27

Most common deficiency - Trace Mineral Deficiency = impaired behavioral development in kids and impaired pregnancy Women lose 4-5 mg during menstruation Excess can lead to atherosclerosis, especially in men

Question 28

USDA Food Guidance History

Answer 28

1900's: "Food for Young Children" with 5 food groups - Milk and Meat, Cereal, Vegetables and Fruit, Fat and Fatty foods, Sugar and Sugary foods 1940's: First set of RDA's, "Basic 7" 1950's: "Basic 4" - milk, fruit and veg, meat, bread and cereal 1970's: First caution group, first concern about excess 1992: Food Guide Pyramid - first visual portions 2005: MyPyramid.gov - more emphasis on activity, switched to healthy vs. unhealthy within food groups 2011: ChooseMyPlate.gov - plate view, half fruits and veggies