Life transitions final Flashcards
1
Q
What is pain?
A
- unpleasant physical sensation
- personal and differs for each client
- pain is also emotional, social, or spiritual
2
Q
What are the words used to describe pain?
A
- hurt
- ache
- sore
- burning
- discomfort
- cramping
- gnawing
- knifelike
- piercing
- sharp
- squeezing
- stabbing
- throbbing
- viselike
3
Q
What is acute pain?
A
- felt suddenly from injury, disease, trauma, or surgery
- lasts less than 6 months
- decreases with healing
4
Q
what is chronic pain?
A
- lasts longer than 6 months
- constantly/occurs on and off
5
Q
what is radiating pain?
A
- felt at the site of tissue and extends to nearby areas
6
Q
what is referred pain?
A
- is felt in a part of the body separate from the source of the pain
7
Q
what is phantom limb pain?
A
- felt in a body part that is no longer there
8
Q
What affects pain?
A
- Past experience
- Anxiety
- Rest and sleep
- Attention
- The meaning of pain
- Support from others
- Culture
- Age
9
Q
What are the signs and symptoms of pain?
A
Body language:
- increased pulse, respiration, and bp
- nausea
- pale skin (pallor)
- sweating (diaphoresis)
- vomiting
Behaviour:
- Changes in speech, slow or rapid, loud or quiet
- crying
- gasping
- grimacing
- groaning
- grunting
- holding affected body part
- being irritable
- maintaining one position
- refusing to move
- being quiet
- rubbing
- screaming
- rocking back and forth
10
Q
What is the pain assessment tool PQRSTU?
A
P (proviking causes):
- what causes the pain?
Q: (quality of pain):
- type and intensity of the pain
- pain scale
- vital signs
- any other symptoms?
R (region of the pain and if it radiates anywhere):
- where is the pain and does it go anywhere else?
S (severity of the pain):
- determine how the client feels by asking to describe their pain
T (timing of the pain):
- when did the pain start? how long?
U: (the clients understanding of the pain):
- has this happened before? what do you think its caused by?
11
Q
What is the advanced dementia scale (PAINAD)
A
- observe the patient for 5 minutes before scoring them
- score the behaviours on the chart according to what the chart says.
- scoring ranges from 0-10 points. 1-3 is mild pain, 4-6 is moderate pain, 7-10 is severe pain.
- scores are based on breathing, negative vocalizations, facial expressions, body language, conolability
12
Q
what is the northern pain scale?
A
its a chart of faces that range from “no hurt” to “hurts worse”
13
Q
What to document when it comes to pain?
A
Document exactly what the client said, your observations, changes in client’s behaviour, etc.
14
Q
What is a heat application?
A
- applied to almost any part of the body
- includes blanket warmers
- used when clients are too ill to raise their own body temperature (blanket warmers)
15
Q
What affect does heat application have on the body?
A
- blood vessels in the area dilate allowing more blood to flow through them.
- brings more oxygen and nutrients to the tissue for healing and removes excess fluid and wastes from the area faster.
- muscles relax
- painful swelling is reduced
- reduce muscle cramps
- reduces joint stiffness
- increases circulation
16
Q
Complications of heat applications
A
- burns
- pain, excessive redness, blisters (burn signs)
- tissue death
- circulatory shock
- skin irritation
- ## complaints of discomfort
17
Q
what is the difference between moist and dry heat application?
A
- moist involves water coming in contact with the skin which has a faster effect and penetrates deeper
- dry stays at desired temperature longer
- dry more for thin clients or clients with medical conditions that can be harmed with moist applications
18
Q
when to apply heat application?
A
- when ordered
- when you know how to use it
- when not too hot
19
Q
What are cold applications
A
- often used to treat sprains, fracture, fever.
20
Q
What do cold applications do to the body?
A
- reduce pain
- prevent swelling
- decrease circulation and bleeding
- cool the body when fever is present
- blood vessels constrict resulting in decreased blood flow to the area and less oxygen and fewer nutrients being carried to the tissue
- reduces bleeding
- reduced bruising
- relieve pain
21
Q
when to apply cold applications?
A
- immediately after injury
22
Q
What complications can result by cold application?
A
- tissue damage
- frostbite
- pain
- burns
- blisters
- ## cyanosis
23
Q
What is cancer?
A
a group of diseases characterized by out of control cell division and growth which can occur in many body systems
24
Q
what is a tumour?
A
a new growth of abnormal cells. can be benign or malignant
25
what is benign?
noncancerous
- grow slowly
- contained to one area
- do not usually cause death
26
what is malignant?
cancerous
- grow rapidly
- invade other tissues and affect several body systems
- cause death
27
what is metastasis?
is the spread of cancer to other body parts.
28
what are the causes of cancer?
- a family history of cancer
- smoking
- alcohol abuse
- high fat, high calorie, low fiber diet
- exposure to radiation (including the sun)
- exposure to certain chemicals (carcinogenic, or cancer-causing agents)
- hormones
- viruses
29
What are the treatments for cancer?
- depends on type of tumour, location, and size and if its spread
- cure the cancer
- keep the cancer from spreading
- slow the cancers growth
- relieve symptoms caused by cancer
30
what are the most common cancer treatments?
- surgery: to remove localized tumours
- radiation: destroys living and cancer cells and is used for treating localized cancers
- chemotherapy: involves powerful drugs that enter the bloodstream where they can target and kill cancer cells throughout the body. affects normal and cancer cells.
31
side effects of radiation:
- discomfort
- nausea
- vomiting
- loss of appetite (anorexia)
- fatigue (tiredness)
- diarrhea
- skin breakdown
32
side effects of chemotherapy:
- irritated digestive tract
- nausea
- vomiting
- diarrhea
- inflammation of the mouth (stomatitis)
- hair loss (alopecia)
- tire easily
- risk for bruising, bleeding, infection
33
what are the warning signs for cancer?
- new or unusual lump
- sore that does not heal
- changes in a mole or wart
- nagging cough, harseness, croaky voice
- difficulty swallowing
- blood in urine, stool, or phlegm
- unusual bleeding or discharge from the vagina or nipple
- changes in bladder habits such as pain or difficulty urinating
- persistent indigestion
- constipation/diarrhea that lasts more than a few weeks
- unexplained aches and pains
- new growth on the skin or patches of skin that bleed, itch, or become red.
- unexplained weight loss, fever, or fatigue
34
How to support a client in their home living with cancer?
- provide control over or pain relief
- ensure adequate rest and exercise
- provide fluids and good nutrition
- prevent skin breakdown
- prevent bowel elimination issues
- manage the adverse effects of radiation therapy and chemotherapy
- provide emotional support
35
where are the common cancer sites?
- lungs
- breasts
- prostate
- colon
- rectum
- uterus
- urinary tract
- skin
36
Skin cancer:
- develops in the epidermis
- develops in places most commonly exposed to the sun
- lesions that are multicolored, asymmetrical, more than 6 mm in diameter, itchy, changes in texture, oozing, or bleeding
- malignant melanoma
- squamous cell carcinoma
- basal cell carcinoma
37
what are some attitude's about death?
- change as person grows older and with changing circumstances
- most die in facilities
- differ among cultures and religions
- belief in afterlife, some not
- belief in rebirth
- strengthened religious beliefs when dying
38
age related changes in children aged 3-5
- curious about death
- may recognize death
- think death is temporary
- might blame themselves or see death as a punishment
39
age related sttitudes in children aged 5-7
- know death if final but dont know it can happen to them as well
- ideas come from environment, tv, movies, etc.
- answer honestly, dont be afraid to tell a child someone has died
40
attidues toward death and dying adult
- fear pain and suffering, dying alone, losing dignity, lonliness
- worry about those left behind
- some have regrets, unfulfilled hopes
41
attitudes toward death and dying older people
- less fears
- most have experience of death of loved ones
- some welcome death
- some want to discuss their wishes
- might fear dying alone
42
what is caregiver grief?
- team members experience stages of grief
- can be diffucult and emotional
- examine your feelings about loss and grief
- know where to go for support
43
Dr. Elizabeth kubler-ross psychological stages of death
Stage one: denial
- no not me
Stage two: anger
- why me
Stage three: bargaining
- yes me but..
stage four: depression
- yes me, and is very sad
stage five: acceptance
- calm and at peace
- dying persons do not always pass through all give stages and some might move back and forth between stages
44
dying client needs:
- listen, use touch, be respectful
45
dying client physical needs:
- independence to extent possible
- basic needs are met
- efforts made to promote physical and psychological comfort
- allowed to die in peace and with dignity
- dying persons vision blurs and fails
- hearing is last function to go
- speech becomes harder
- mouth/nose care is important
- circulation fails, body temp rises
- skin feels cool, pale, it mottled,
- provide skin care
- incontinence may occur
-constipation and urinary retention are common
46
caring for a dying clients physical needs, to do:
- comfort and positioning
- pain relief drugs
- vision and eye care
- hearing and speech
- mouth, nostril, skin care
- elimination and nutrition
- provide comfortable and pleasant room
47
How to comfort a dying persons family
- be available, courteous, empathetic, and considerate
- provide comfort
- respect privacy
- support, understand,
48
what is palliative care?
- an approach that improves the quality of life of patients and families facing the problems associated with life-threatening illnesses.
49
what are the main goals of hospice
- controlling pain and symptom
- ensure death is a natural process
- provide compassionate care
50
signs of approaching death:
- movement and sensation gradually lost
- confined to bed
- social withdrawal
- dietary intake decreases
- primordial reflexes disapear
- bp falls, peripheral circulation slows
- pulse becomes irregular, weak, or thready
- skin may be cyanosed, gray, pale, mottled, cool
- respirations may be laboured - noisy "Death rattle"
- hearing last sense to go
51
signs of imminent death
- lose consciousness
- mental confusion
- see visions before death
- breathing slows
- cheyne stokes respirations with apnea
- respirations cease,
- facial muscles, jaw, relax, lower jaw drops, ear lobes fall
52
preparing your resume:
- 1-2 pages
- experience
- education
- objective
- profile
- interests
53
what is a chronological resume
- highlights employment history
54
what is a functional resume
- highlights skills or functions and briefly lists positions held
55
