Lifecycles

Question 1

Toxocara lifecycle

Answer 1

Egg in environment, larvae, ingested from environment, larvae migrate to liver or lungs via bloodstream, coughed up and back to intestines where become adults and mate and lay eggs. Eggs passed in environment.

HEPATIC- TRACHEAL MIGRATION
Infective after 2 weeks in environment

Older dogs, same lifecycle but become dormant in unpregnate/male dogs. Reactivated if hormonal change of pregnancy to transmit via placenta/ mammary to pups.

Question 2

Angiostrongylus vasorum lifecycle

Answer 2

Egg in dog, l1 in dog, l2 in dog, and passed into environment. Snail or slug eat larvae and larvae migrate to lymph nodes, where moult to l5 the snail or slug is then eaten by the dog and adults mate and lay eggs.

Question 3

Trichiuris vulpis lifecycle

Answer 3

Infectious stage in eggs.
Eggs passed in faeces, survive in the environment for years, dog picks up eggs from environment.
Eggs attach to dog and dog ingests them when groom.

Question 4

Basic nematode lifecycle

Answer 4

Egg, l1, l2, l3 (all free-living) ingested L4 in host, l5 in host and adult and mate and produce eggs that pass in faeces.

Question 5

Basic Cestode lifecycle

Answer 5

Adult within host, Gravid proglottids shed, embryophere in environment, ingested by intermediate, oncosphere (intermediate) breaks through gut wall to site to form cyst , metacestide (cysts) in intermediate. Ingested by definitive.

Question 6

Taenia spp.

Answer 6

Infectious stage- oncosphere

Question 7

Taenia
Definitive hosts - dogs and cats
Intermediate hosts- sheep and cattle

Answer 7

Live in intestines, proglottids in faeces and anus and shed in environment, intermediate host ingests infected proglottids. Larvae migrate to liver.
Definitive host infected after ingestion of intermediate host contains metacestode stage.

Question 8

Echinococcus granulosus

Answer 8

Adult in dog (definitive host) embyrophere in environment, ingested by intermediate (sheep or humans) oncosphere in intermediate, breaks through gut wall to form cysts in liver or lungs, eaten by definitive hosts and becomes and adult.

Question 9

Echinococcus granulosus causes what disease?

Answer 9

Hytadid cyst disease

Question 10

Dipylidium caninum

Answer 10

Adult in definitive host, gravid progolottid shed, drops in environment, embryophere in environment is ingested by flea or louse, oncosphere in flea, move to abdomen, metacestode and dog ingests flea and develops into adult.

Question 11

Toxoplasma Gondi

Answer 11

Unsporolated oocysts shed in environment, sport lasted oocysts (infective) sporozoites (ingested by intermediate) reproduce within tissues cells, cysts form tissues and lie dormant waiting for intermediate to be ingested. Cyst wall is digested and oocysts production occurs 30-10 days later.
Produces an immune response so if infected twice then less of response
ZOONOTIC

Question 12

Which worms can be passed transplacenta or transmammary

Answer 12

Hookworms and Toxocara canis

Question 13

Ancylostoma and ucinaria spp

Answer 13

Hookworm,
Egg in faeces, larvae penetrates skin or ingested, develop in small intestines to adults and produce eggs.
Can be passed to pups through milk.
High risk in pregnancy.

Question 14

Dirofilira immitis

Answer 14

L1 in mosquito and develops to L3. Mosquito bites dog and l3 is transmitted into dog. L3 develops into L4 and moves into muscles, mature adults move to pulmonary artery and right ventricle, adults mate and l1 is in blood stream, mosquito bites and becomes infected to be honest l1.

Question 15

Flea lifecycle

Answer 15

Adult, egg, larvae, pupa.
Adult mates on host, egg drops off into environment where hatches in warm conditions, larvae feed on debris moult tweice and then pupate, 10 days adults develop and if right conditions will emerge - co2, heat or virbration and jump onto host

Question 16

Sucking and chewing lice route of infection

Answer 16

Direct contact with infected host.
Adult live for a month and lay 200-300 eggs. Eggs hatch and nymph moves down the hair shaft and moults twice and becomes adult.
This takes 2-3 weeks

Question 17

Trombicula spp.

Answer 17

Infectious stage- larvae
Route of infection from environment
Difficult to control as umbiqutious in environment.

Question 18

Mite and tick lifecycle

Answer 18

Adult, egg, larvae, nymph.

Question 19

Demodex

Answer 19

Mite- infectious stage: adult. Low numbers normally. Immunocompromised then can overrun.
Mild and severe (generalised)

Question 20

Otodectes cynotis

Answer 20

Mite infectious stage: adult.
Route of infection close contact with infected animals.
Cats can get infections on tails
Secondary infections, aural haematomas

Question 21

Ticks

Answer 21

Infectious stage: adults

Route of infection; direct contact with tick in environment.

Question 22

Diseases that are spread by ticks

Answer 22

Rickettsia (Z) Babesia, Louping ill (Z) 
Vector for Protozoa, bacteria and viruses 
Ehrlichiosis (z) 
Lymes disease 
Hemoplasmosis 
Hepatazoonsis 
Anaplasmosis

Question 23

Heartworm zoonotic disease

Answer 23

Common during endemic.

Question 24

Ehrilichiosis

Answer 24

Transmitted by ticks

Zoonotic

Question 25

Anaplasmosis

Answer 25

Transmitted by ticks Cause Granulocytic anaplasmosis Human granulocytic anaplasmosis Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis

Question 26

Babesiosis

Answer 26

Transmitted by ticks | Central Europe

Question 27

Leishmaniasis

Answer 27

Transmitted by sandflies Visceral form Cutaneous form and mucosal form Found in Europe

Question 28

Sarcoptes

Answer 28

Burrowing mite Egg, larvae, nymph, adult. Takes 17-21 days. Eggs laid in burrow, larvae move to moulting pockets, nymph and adults emerge seeking a mating partner