Lifespan Development: Exam #3 Flashcards
(94 cards)
1
Q
What is “Identity”?
A
A self-portrait composed of many pieces such as: • Vocational/Career • Political • Religious • Relationship • Achievement, Intellectual • Sexual • Cultural/Ethnic • Interests • Personality • Physical
2
Q
Identity versus Identity Confusion
A
- Erikson’s View
- Psychosocial moratorium
- Adolescents experiment with different roles and personalities
- Adolescents who cope with conflicting identities emerge with a new sense of self
- Adolescents who do not successfully resolve the identity crisis suffer identity confusion
3
Q
Psychosocial Moratorium
A
The gap between childhood security and adult autonomy.
4
Q
Four Statuses of Identity
A
- Diffusion
- Foreclosure
- Moratorium
- Achievement
5
Q
Diffusion
A
Individuals who have not yet experienced a crisis or made any commitments.
6
Q
Foreclosure
A
Individuals who have made a commitment but not experienced a crisis.
7
Q
Moratorium
A
Individuals who are in the midst of a crisis but whose commitments are absent or weak.
8
Q
Achievement
A
Individuals who have undergone a crisis and made a commitment.
9
Q
Identity Crisis
A
- Diffusion: Absent
- Foreclosure: Absent
- Moratorium: Present
- Achievement: Present
10
Q
Identity Commitment
A
- Diffusion: Absent
- Foreclosure: Present
- Moratorium: Absent
- Achievement: Present
11
Q
Identity: Emerging Adulthood and Beyond
A
- Key changes in identity are more likely to take place in emerging adulthood than in adolescence.
- Identity does not remain stable throughout life (MAMA).
12
Q
MAMA
A
Repeated cycles of moratorium to achievement.
13
Q
Friendships
A
- Most teens prefer a smaller number of friendships that are more intense and more intimate
- Friends become increasingly important in meeting social needs.
- Gossip about peers can lead to relational aggression.
- Characteristics of friends have an important influence (friends’ grade-point average is a consistent predictor of positive school achievement).
14
Q
Peer Pressure
A
- Young adolescents conform more to peer standards than children do (peaks in 8 or 9th grades, especially “antisocial” acts).
- Adolescents with low self-esteem and high social anxiety are most likely to conform to peers.
- “High status” adolescents conform less
15
Q
Cliques
A
Small groups of 2 to 12 individuals, typically of the same sex and about the same age who engage in similar activities.
16
Q
Crowds
A
- Larger than cliques and less personal.
- Members are based on reputation.
- May not spend much time together.
17
Q
Developmental Changes in Dating and Romantic Relationships
A
- Stage 1: The “Crush”. Entry into romantic attractions and affiliations at about 11 to 13 years of age.
- Stage 2: Exploring romantic relationships at approximately 14 to 16 years of age.
- Stage 3: Consolidating dyadic romantic bonds at about 17 to 19 years of age.
18
Q
Piaget’s Formal Operation Stage
A
- 11+ years of age.
- More abstract than concrete operational thought.
- Increased verbal problem-solving ability.
- Increased tendency to think about thought itself.
- Thoughts of idealism and possibilities.
- More logical thought (hypothetical-deductive reasoning).
19
Q
Hypothetical-Deductive Reasoning
A
Involves creating a hypothesis and deducing its implications.
20
Q
Adolescent Egocentrism
A
- Heightened self-consciousness of adolescents.
- Imaginary Audience: adolescents’ belief that others are as interested in them as they themselves are.
- Personal Fables.
- Invincibility attitude -> risk-taking behaviors
21
Q
Personal Fables
A
Involves a sense of uniqueness and invincibility.
22
Q
Executive Functioning
A
Higher-order cognitive activities such as reasoning, making decisions, thinking critically, and monitoring one’s cognitive process.
23
Q
Decision Making
A
- Can be influenced by emotional state (true of adults too!).
- Influenced by presence of peers, especially if a risk-taking decision.
24
Q
Puberty
A
A period of rapid physical maturation involving hormonal and bodily changes that occur primarily during early adolescence.
25
Sexual Maturation, Height, and Weight
* Menarche is a girl’s first menstruation.
* Marked weight and height gains,
* Pubic hair growth.
* Facial and chest hair growth in males.
* Breast growth in females.
26
Timing and Variations in Puberty
* Average age of menarche has declined significantly since mid-19th century.
* Improved nutrition and health.
* For boys, pubertal sequence typically begins from age 10–13½ years.
* For girls it appears between 9 and 15 years.
27
Precocious Puberty
The very early onset and rapid progression of puberty.
28
Body Image
* Preoccupation with body image is especially strong throughout adolescence.
* Girls are generally less happy with their bodies than boys and become more dissatisfied over time.
29
Early Maturation in Boys
Early-maturing boys view themselves more positively and have more successful peer relations.
30
Early Maturation in Girls
Early-maturing girls show greater satisfaction early but less satisfaction later and are more likely to smoke, drink, be depressed, have an eating disorder, struggle for earlier independence, have older friends, date earlier, and have earlier sexual experiences.
31
Late Maturation in Boys
* Less controlled, dominant, responsible, and less likely to hold leadership positions.
* Feelings of rejection and inferiority can linger into adulthood.
* More egalitarian attitudes & perceptive in adulthood.
* Better established sense of identity.
* Better sense of humor.
* Late maturing boys report a stronger sense of identity in their 30s.
32
Late Maturation in Girls
More satisfied with their bodies (because closer to the American ideal).
33
Parent–Adolescent Conflict
* Parent–adolescent conflict increases in early adolescence but not to tumultuous proportions.
* Disagreements may serve a positive developmental function; allows for development of independent viewpoints, respect, autonomy.
* However, prolonged intense conflict between adolescent and parents often leads to adolescent problems such as substance abuse, pregnancy, dropping out of school, etc.
34
Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Love
* Passion: Physical and sexual attraction to another.
* Intimacy: Emotional feelings of warmth, closeness, and sharing.
* Commitment: Cognitive appraisal of the relationship and the intent to maintain the relationship even in the face of problems.
35
Consummate Love
Intimacy, passion and commitment
36
Romantic Love
Intimacy and passion
37
Liking
Intimacy alone
38
Compassionate Love
Intimacy and commitment
39
Empty Love
Commitment alone
40
Fatuous Love
Passion and commitment
41
Infatuation
Passion alone
42
Romantic Love
Also called passionate love, or eros. Strong components of sexuality and infatuation.
43
Affectionate Love
Also called companionate love, based on a deep and caring affection.
44
Consummate Love
Love in the strongest form
45
Familiarity and Similarity
Familiarity is necessary for a close relationship; the more time we spend with someone, near someone, the closer we feel to them.
46
Consensual Validation
Our own attitudes and values are supported when someone else’s are similar to ours.
47
Physical Attractiveness
The criteria for beauty can differ; Standards of what is attractive change over time and across cultures.
48
Matching Hypothesis
We choose partners who match our own level of attractiveness.
49
Intimacy
Self-disclosure and the sharing of private thoughts.
50
Erikson's Intimacy vs. Isolation
* Intimacy is finding oneself while losing oneself in another person.
* Failure to achieve intimacy results in social isolation.
51
Intimacy and Independence
* Balance between intimacy and commitment, and independence and freedom
* Important to learn to shift importance from role as son/daughter to one as husband/wife/partner.
52
Reasons to End a Close Relationship
* You are obsessed with a person who repeatedly betrays your trust.
* You are involved with someone who is draining you emotionally or financially or both.
* You are desperately in love with someone who does not return your feelings.
53
7 Principles of a Working Marriage
* Establishing love maps (personal insight into the other person’s world)
* Nurturing fondness and admiration
* Turning toward each other instead of away
* Letting your partner influence you, i.e. compromise sometimes
* Solving solvable conflicts
* Overcoming gridlock
* Creating shared meaning (e.g. sharing a goal and working together to achieve it)
54
Twos Ways of Communication
* Women prefer rapport talk: the language of conversation; a way of establishing connections and negotiating relationships.
* Men prefer report talk: designed to give information, which includes public speaking.
55
Age Identity
As adults become older, their age identity is younger than their chronological age.
56
Middle Adulthood
* 40–45 years of age to about 60–65 years of age.
* Declining physical skills and increasing responsibility.
* Awareness of the young-old polarity.
* Transmitting something meaningful to the next generation.
* Reaching and maintaining career satisfaction.
* The age period in which gains (growth) and losses (decline) balance each other.
57
Menopause
* Time in middle age (late 40s to early 50s) when a woman’s menstrual periods completely cease.
* Hot flashes, nausea, fatigue, and rapid heartbeat.
* Heredity and experience influence the onset of menopause.
* Not the negative experience it once was.
58
Climacteric
The midlife transition in which fertility declines.
59
Perimenopause
Transitional period; often takes up to 10 years.
60
Erikson’s Generativity vs. Stagnation
* Biological Generativity: Have offspring.
* Parental Generativity: Nurture and guide children.
* Work Generativity: Develop and then teach skills to younger folks.
* Cultural Generativity: Create, conserve, renovates aspects of culture so they go on.
61
Generativity
Adults' desire to leave legacies of themselves to the next generation.
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Stagnation
Develops when individuals sense that they have done nothing for the next generation.
63
Levinson's Seasons of a Man's Life
* Teens are transition from dependence to independence.
* 20s are a novice phase of adult development.
* 30s are a time for focusing on family and career development.
* By the 40s, man has a stable career and now must look forward to the kind of life he will lead as a middle-aged adult.
64
Life Span
The maximum number of years an individual can live; has remained between 120–125 years.
65
Life Expectancy
The number of years that the average person born in a particular year will probably live.
66
Divisions of Late Adulthood
* Young-old are aged 65 to 74.
* Old-old are aged 75 or more.
* Oldest-old are aged 85 or more.
* Important to consider functional age, the person’s actual ability to function, rather than age.
67
Cellular Clock Theory
Maximum number of times cells can divide 75-80 and then they die. Once our cells start dying off, we begin to “go downhill."
68
Free-Radical Theory
Unstable oxygen molecules bounce around inside cells and damage them.
69
Mitochondrial Theory
Free radicals impair mitochondria which sustain cells -> more free radicals -> mitochondria deteriorate to point where they can’t meet cells needs.
70
The Aging Brain
* On average, the brain loses 5% to 10% of its weight between the ages of 20 and 90 years; brain volume also decreases.
* May result from a decrease in dendrites, damage to myelin sheath, or the death of brain cells.
* A general slowing of function in the brain and spinal cord begins in middle adulthood and accelerates in late adulthood affecting physical coordination and intellectual performance.
* Aging has been linked to a reduction in the production of certain neurotransmitters
71
Physical Decline
* Vision worsens, cataracts, risk for glaucoma.
* Hearing deteriorates.
* Smell declines.
* Skin less elastic.
* Taste sensitivity declines.
72
Causes of Death in Older Adults
* Nearly 60% of 65–74-year-olds die of cancer or cerebrovascular disease; for 75–84 and 85+ age groups, cardiovascular disease is still the leading cause of death.
* Ethnicity is also linked with death rates of older adults.
73
Exercise•
* Improves older adults' cellular functioning and immune system functioning.
* Linked to increased longevity and prevention of common chronic diseases.
* Associated with improvement in the treatment of many diseases.
* Can optimize body composition and reduce the decline in motor skills as aging occurs.
* Reduces the likelihood that older adults will develop mental health problems.
* Linked to improved brain and cognitive functioning.
74
Attention
* Selective Attention: Focusing in on one aspect of a task. Older adults are generally less adept at this.
* Divided Attention: Engaging in 2 tasks at same time, e.g. driving and talking. Older adults less adept.
* Sustained Attention: Varies depending on complexity of task.
75
Memory
* Memory changes during aging, but not all memory changes in the same way.
* Older adults’ beliefs and expectancies about memory play a role in their actual memory.
* Memory ability is influenced by health, education, and socioeconomic status.
* Research has relied primarily on laboratory tests of memory, not real-world tasks.
76
Explicit Memory
Memory of facts and experiences that individuals consciously know and can state.
77
Implicit Memory
Memory without conscious recollection; skills and routines that are automatically performed.
• Shows less aging declines than explicit memory.
78
Source Memory
The ability to remember where one learned something.
| • Decreases with age during late adulthood.
79
Prospective Memory
Remembering to do something in the future.
| • Age decline depends on the nature of the task and what is being assessed.
80
Decision Making
Preserved rather well in older adults.
81
Wisdom
Expert knowledge about the practical aspects of life that permits excellent judgment about important matters.
• High levels of wisdom are rare
• Late adolescence to early adulthood is the main age window for wisdom to emerge.
• Factors other than age are critical for wisdom to develop to a high level.
• Personality-related factors are better predictors of wisdom than cognitive factors.
82
Use It or Lose It
* Certain mental activities can benefit the maintenance of cognitive skills, e.g. reading books, doing crossword puzzles, going to lectures and concerts.
* Research suggests that mental exercise may reduce cognitive decline and lower the likelihood of developing Alzheimer’s disease.
83
Work
* Good health, a strong psychological commitment to work, and a distaste for retirement are important factors related to continued employment into old age.
* Cognitive ability is the best predictor of job performance in older adults.
84
Work and Retirement in Other Countries
* 33% of those in their 60s and 11% in their 70s are still working.
* An increasing number of adults are beginning to reject the early retirement option.
85
Adjustment to Retirement
* Healthy
* Active and have an adequate income
* Better educated
* Have extended social networks and family
* Satisfied with their lives before retiring
* Flexibility and planning are key factors in whether individuals adjust well to retirement
86
Dementia
Any neurological disorder in which the primary symptoms involve a deterioration of mental functioning.
87
Alzheimer Disease
A common form of dementia that is characterized by a gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and eventually, physical function.
• Divided into early-onset (younger than 65) or late-onset (later than 65).
• Alzheimer involves a deficiency in the brain messenger chemical acetylcholine.
88
Deterioration of the Brain
Formation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles.
89
Erikson's Integrity vs. Despair
Involves reflecting on the past and either piecing together a positive review or concluding that one’s life has not been well spent.
90
Life Review
Looking back at one’s life experiences, evaluating them, and interpreting/reinterpreting them.
91
Activity Theory
The more active and involved older adults are, the more likely they are to be satisfied with their lives than if they disengage.
92
Socioemotional Selectivity Theory
Older adults become more selective about their social networks, spending more time with individuals with whom they have had rewarding relationships (i.e. “life’s too short to continue hanging out with these bozos!”.
93
Socioemotional Selectivity Theory Classes
* Knowledge-Related Goals: We like to hang out with people we learn stuff from when we are younger, but not once middle age sets in.
* Emotional Goals: We like hanging out with people that provide us with a lot of emotional support when we are very young and very old, but less so during adolescence-middle age.
94
Married Older Adults
* In 2004, 56% of U.S. adults over 65 were married; 45% of older adult women were widows.
* Marital satisfaction is greater in older adults than middle-aged adults.
* Retirement alters a couple’s lifestyle.
* Older adults who are married or partnered are usually happier and live longer than those who are single.
