lifespan perspective of the musculoskeletal system Flashcards
(140 cards)
1
Q
sensory/ perceptual system
A
Provide sensory information about the body and environment
2
Q
cognitive system
A
The attention, planning, problem solving, motivation, and emotional aspects of
motor control
3
Q
motor/ action system
A
Neuromuscular and biomechanical systems control the execution of functional movement
4
Q
the higher centers of the ner vous system and the effector organs of movement
A
Functional motor unit
5
Q
Primary motor cortex
A
Controls speed and force of movement
6
Q
Supplemental motor area
A
Involved in preplanning movements
7
Q
Premotor cortex
A
Visually guided movements
8
Q
Cerebellum
A
Coordinates movements based on accuracy, timing, and intensity
9
Q
Basal ganglia
A
Controls posture and adaptation to varying tasks or environments
10
Q
one motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates
A
Motor unit:
11
Q
in the prenatal stage The muscular system develops from the
A
mesoderm
12
Q
During the 2nd half of gestation, rapid increase in:
A
Number and size of muscle fibers
13
Q
what muscle fiber is slow twitch tonic fibers and 21 weeks gestation
A
type 1 muscle fibers
14
Q
what muscle fibers are fast twitch phasic and 30 weeks
A
type 2 muscle fibers
15
Q
are all skeletal muscles developed by birth?
A
yes
16
Q
Change in direction of muscle fibers
A
Alters the muscle fiber orientation
17
Q
Change in direction of muscle fibers ex:
A
i.e.trapezius develops into multiple fiber directions
18
Q
Splitting in myotomes
A
Splitting in myotomes
19
Q
i.e.biceps brachii has 2 heads
A
Splitting in myotomes
20
Q
Degeneration
A
Formationof aponeurosis: a sheet of connective tissue
21
Q
i.e.lineaalbain rectus
abdominis
A
Degeneration
22
Q
prenatal muscular system development
A
changes in direction of muscle fibers
splitting in myotomes
degeneration
23
Q
At birth, muscle mass is only ___ of total body mass
A
25%
24
Q
in males 14-fold increase in fiber number when
A
2 months- 16 years
25
Fiber size and strength increases until
adolescence
26
in males between 5 - 17 years the muscle mass increase how much of the total body mass?
41-53%
27
in females the 10-fold increase in fibers number after
birth
28
do male or females have a more rapid increase in fiber size
females
29
in females between 5-17 years the muscle mall increase to ____ of total body mass
41%-42
30
when do people have their growth spurt
adolescence
31
by when has the relative Type I and Type II fiber ratio has reached the adult level
adolescence
32
what does a growth spurt do
increase in skeletal and muscle length
33
The length-tension relationship is modified through muscle lengthening as
bones grow
34
Muscles increase in length through the addition of
sarcomeres and fibers
35
increase strength leads to …
increase muscle mass
36
what gender has a rapid increase in strength and endurance
throughout entirety of adolescence
males
37
when do females peak at their strength
onset of puberty
38
Peak strength seen in
young adulthood (20-30)
39
Muscle strength declines at age
30
40
Coordination declines in
30s
41
Each decade, ___ of muscle mass is lost
5%
42
at what age do you experience steady decline in strength; impaired function
50 years old
43
30% decline in strength
between 50-70
44
rapid decline in strength
70 years old
45
loss of muscle mass and function
sarcopenia
46
in someone who has sarcopenia there is a decrease in
number of fibers
mass of fiber s
number of function motor units
47
Senile muscular atrophy
muscle wasting
48
sarcopenia and senile muscular atrophy happen in what age groups
older adults
49
in older adults there is a ____ in strength and speed of muscular contraction
decrease
50
there is a greater decline in __ and ___ ___ compared to ___ ____ in older adults
trunk and LE
UE
51
Pattern of muscle weakness is
proximal
52
Increased rate in loss of ______. fibers compared to _______. fibers
type II fast-twitch, type I slow-twitch
53
Osteoblast
create bone
54
osteoclast
absorb bone
55
Compact bone:
hard and dense outer layer
56
Spongy bone:
flexible inner layer containing bone marrow
57
Diaphysis
shaft of long bone
58
Epiphysis
end of long bone
59
Epiphyseal plate:
area where bone grows
60
Epiphyseal lines:
Epiphyseal lines:
61
growth is not possible at the
epiphyseal lines
62
in prenatal skeletal system, all bones and cartilage develop from the
mesenchyme
63
bones and cartilage are differential and bone develops when?
3rd - 8th week
64
when are mesenchymal cells condense and differentiate
5th week
65
where does mesenchymal cells condense and differentiate happen first
in upper and lower extermities
66
when does chondrocytes from the caritlage of lone bones develope
6th week
67
in the endochondral ossification (pre natal) when is the growth of the caritlage model
6th weekk
68
in the endochondral ossification (pre natal) when is the development of the primary ossification center
7-11th week
69
in the endochondral ossification (pre natal) when is the development of secondary ossification center
after birth
70
in the endochondral ossification (pre natal) when is the fromation of articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate
after birth
71
at birth is the diaphysis well ossified ?
yes
72
what is the diaphysis formed by at birth?
formed by the primary ossification center
73
at birth the epiphysis are still
cartilagnious
74
the epiphysis is formed by the
secondary ossification center
75
where do most bone fracture occur at birth
long bones
76
at birth what is the primary curves of the spine
thoracic
sacral
kyphotic
formed at birth
77
what are the secondary curves of the spine
cervical and lumbar
lordotic
78
what are the secondary curves of the spine formed by
through weightbearing during walking
79
when is the skeletal maturity
achieved when the epiphyseal plates close
80
SMI means
skeltal maturity indicators
81
what helps doctors estimate the maturity of a childs skeletal system
bone age
82
how is bone age done in infancy and childhood
taking xrays of the left wrist , hand , and fingers
83
people want a lower or higher riser sign ?
lower
84
bone growth in infancy and childhood is influcned by
genetics , health and nurtrion
85
in new borns the ___ and ___ are disproportionately larger than adults
head and trunk
86
what drives the skeletal chnages in bone remodeling
weightbearing and movement
87
what hole together the bones from the skull
sutures
88
what is the soft area where the bone has not fused yet in a infant called
fontanelles
89
where does the postioer sutures fuse together
2-3 months
90
when does the anterior portion of the fontanelles close
12-18 months
91
what are clinical implications of fontanelles
craniosynostosis
cranial orthoses
92
what is the premature closeure of sutures called
craniosynostoisis
93
in adolescence what is bone remodeling and growth infunced by
hormones, physcial activity , and nutrition
94
what influences skeltal changed in adolescence
growth spurs
95
where is a growth spurt for girls
12-14 years
96
when is the growth spurt for boys
14-15`
97
in adolescence what grows first trunk or legs
trunk
98
in adolescence what growth occurs quicker
skeletal is quicker than muscular
99
improper length tension relationship leads to decreases
muscle flexibility
100
when do cranial bones fuse
2 years old
101
when does the epiphyseal growth plate close
25
102
a gracture acorss a growth plate can lead to
asymmetrical growth of that joint
103
what is a contraindicated over epiphyseal areas in childeren
the use of ultrasound
104
when is bone growth completed
adulthood
105
bone remodeling and density can increase with
weightbearing, muscular contraction , and adequate nutrition and calicum intake
106
when does bone mass peak
late 20s, early 30's
107
when does bone mass remain stable
age 30-50
108
bone rsorption exceeds bone fromation after the age of
50
109
loss of bone mass in older adults is assocaited with
decrease in estrogen
110
bone mass decrease for females by ___ per year before ___
1% , menopause
111
bone mass decrease for females by ___ during first ___ to __ years after menopause
4% ; 4-5
112
loss of bone mass for males is
.5% per year
113
what is it called when bone lose to where bone mineral density is lower than normal but not low enough to be osteoporosis
osteopenia
114
osteoporisis is when
the bones become brittle and weak
115
deficient mineralization of bone matrix in older adults is associated with deficiencies in
vit. d, calcium, and phosphate
116
what is osteomalacia
softening of bones
117
structurla changed in cartilage in older adults include
decrease in water content
rigid extracellular matrix
death of chondrocytes
hylaline cartilage is replaces with fibrocartilage
decreased capacity for repair and healing
118
what is club food
talipes equinovarus
congential deformity
119
what is congential hip dysplasia
atypical develpemnt of the hips
120
what is a portion of the upper/lower limb does not form completely and forms adnoramally
congential limb deficiency
121
there is concerns of culnerability of growht plate and cartilage to tramua in what age
infancy and childhoos
122
what happens if there is injurt at the growth plate and cartilage trauma
disruption of blood and nutrient can casue permanent damage
123
increased ligament tears or growth plate fracture due to traumatic mechanisms of injury typically occurs with
high velocity activities
124
what is an incomplete fracture commonly occuring in weightbearing bone
stress fracture
125
what is a apophyseal avulsion fracture
typically occur in pelvis, hip and tibial tuberosity
126
what is a slipped capital femoral epiphysis
slippiage of the femoral head due to damage to the growth plate
127
what is scoliosis
abnormal curavture of the spine
common in females
128
osteoporosis
bone resorption > bone fromation
129
osteoarthritis typically occurs in
wight bearing joints
130
what are the 2 main periods of gestation development?
embyrnoic period and fetla period
131
what is the embryonic period
0-60 ( 2months or 8 weeks)
132
when is the fetal period
day 60 and on
133
when doe fertilization occur
day 1
134
when does implantation occur
day 6/7
135
when does gastrulation occur
day 15/16
136
what is the phase early in the embryonic developemnt of most animals , during which the single layered blastula is reorganized into a trilaminar straucture
gastrulation
137
what is the gastrula
3 layered structure
138
the three germ layers are known as the
ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
139
how many weeks after fertilzation , is embryogensis complete and all limbs structures are present
8 weeks
140
