Lifespan Test 2 Chapter 5 Flashcards
Chapter 5: Physical and Cognitive Development (54 cards)
What sets us apart from other animals?
Human Socialization
Learn norms of our culture
Ability to take another person’s perspective
Mind-reading skill (begins with joint attention)
Language
Slow-growing Frontal Lobes
Compared to other parts of the brain, frontal lobe development is on a delayed timetable.
As frontal lobes mature throughout childhood and adolescence, our ability to think through, inhibit, and plan our actions gradually improves.
Cephalocaudal sequence—
Mass-to-specific sequence—
bodies elongate and lengthen
physical abilities become more coordinated and precise
Two types of physical skills
Gross Motor skills: large muscle movement
Fine Motor skills: small coordinated movement
Motor skill milestones age 2
Picks up small objects with thumbs and forefingers
feeds self with spoon
walks unassisted usually by 12 months
Rolls a ball or swings it akwardly
motor skill milestone age 4
cuts paper approximates circle
walks down stairs alternating feet
cathces and cotrols a large bouncing ball across body
motor skill milestone age 5
Prints name
walks without holding onto railing
tosses ball overhand with bent elbows
motor skills milestone age 6
copies two short words
hopes on each foot for one meter but still holds railing
cathces and cotrols a 10 inch ball with both hands with arms in front of body
top-ranking twenty-first-century global public health threat to physical development!
Stunting
Compromises bone, muscle, and brain development
Causes lethargy
Impairs gross and fine motor skills
Inadequate Nutrition:
Monitored in the United States by National Health and Nutrition Study (NHANES), a National Poll
Assessed by BMI = ratio of weight to height
Overweight
At or over the 85% for the norms
Obesity
BMI at or above the 95th percentile compared to U.S. norms
Global Epidemic
Demographics differ in developed and developing worlds.
Obesity in the developed world
Children from low-income families
In the United States, highest among Latino and African American children
Obesity in the developing world: most prevalent in cities and among affluent boys and girls
Primary culprit: lack of physical activity
Internet, TV
Research shows that time spent watching TV predicts obesity.
Oversized portions of food
Restaurant foods, large servings, and caloric content
Teasing; stereotyping
Studies show gym teachers display negative attitudes (obese children judged slow and clumsy).
Negative attitudes toward the obese
Characteristics
Child has an inability to step back from his immediate perceptions and think conceptually.
Thinking is qualitatively unlike that of an adult.
Child cannot reason logically, and cannot look beyond appearance of objects.
Young children understand only what they can see.
Spans ages 2–7
Preoperational thinking
our knowledge that the amount of a given substance remains the same despite changes in its shape or form
Piaget’s Conservation Tasks
Conservation:
Preoperational children do not understand:
The laws of conservation!
The concept of reversibility!
Children center only on what they can see!
Preoperational Thinking
Children also have trouble grasping these concepts:
Class inclusion:
the understanding that a general category can encompass several subordinate elements
Preoperational Thinking
Children also have trouble grasping these concepts:
Seriation:
the ability to put things in order according to some principle, such as size
the ability to put things in order according to some principle, such as size
―identity constancy‖
A person’s core ―self‖ stays the same despite changes in
external appearance.
The belief that inanimate objects are alive
Animism
The belief that humans make everything in nature
Artificialism
An inability to understand another’s perspective
Egocentrism
