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AS Biology > Lifestyle Health And Risk > Flashcards

Lifestyle Health And Risk Flashcards

(101 cards)

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1
Q

What are the 3 factors for diffusion?

A

-Size of organism
-Number and proximity to surface
-Activity level

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2
Q

Why is diffusion not used in large organisms?

A

-not fast enough for long distances
-won’t get enough oxygen

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3
Q

What’s the function of branching vessels?

A

Reach more places

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4
Q

What’s the function of unidirectional flow?

A

-More efficient
-keeps gradient
-stops blood mixing

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5
Q

What’s the function of the pressure gradient?

A

Faster rate of diffusion

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6
Q

What’s the function of the fluid medium?

A

Faster transportation

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7
Q

What happens in a single open circulatory system?

A

-Through heart once
-Goes to body cavity
-Organs bathe in transport fluid

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8
Q

What animals use this open system?

A

Bugs

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9
Q

What animals use this open system?

A

Bugs

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10
Q

What happens in a closed system?

A

-through heart once
-goes to fill capillaries and systemic circulation
-blood is deoxygenated throughout

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11
Q

What animals use this closed system?

A

Fish (bc they have lower activity levels)

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12
Q

What happens in a double closed system?

A

-goes to lungs before body (faster blood flow)
-blood sent low pressure to lungs to prevent tissue damage

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13
Q

Why is this double system used?

A

-can have separate pressures creating a better gradient
-no mixing of blood
-faster blood flow

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14
Q

Where are the bicuspid and tricuspid valves?

A

Bi- between LA/V
Tri- between RA/V

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15
Q

Where are the semilunar valves?

A

Between aorta/ pulmonary artery and atria

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16
Q

What are the adaptations of arteries

A

Thicker walls- cope with high BP
Small linen- maintain high BP
Collagen fibres- prevents overstretching
Elastic fibres for elastic recoil- steady BP & prevents vessel damage
Smooth endothelial layer- lowers resistance to blood flow

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17
Q

What are then adaptations of veins

A

Wider lumen- accommodates higher BV
Thinner muscular wall- less need for high BP
Valves- prevent back flow
Smooth lining of endothelial cells- reduce resistance to blood flow

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18
Q

What are the adaptations of capillaries

A

One cell thick- short diffusion distance
Branches out- large SA for diffusion
Space between cells- so WBCs can escape
No muscle- short diffusion distance
Small diameter

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19
Q

What are the adaptations of capillaries

A

One cell thick- short diffusion distance
Branches out- large SA for diffusion
Space between cells- so WBCs can escape
No muscle- short diffusion distance
Small diameter

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20
Q

Describe the 1st stage of the cardiac cycle

A

Atrial (&ventricular) diastol- blood enters atria from veins pushing on Atven
Slight higher pressure in atria then ventricles
Atven valves slightly open
SL valves closed

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21
Q

What’s the 2nd stage of the cardiac cycle

A

Atrial systole- vent muscles contract blood -> aorta
More pressure in vent then atria
Atvent valves closed
SL valves open

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22
Q

What’s the 3rd stage of the cardiac cycle

A

Vertical systole cont.- pressure difference in ventricles and arteries pushes blood into arteries
Higher pressure in ventricles
Atvent valves closed
SL valves open

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23
Q

What’s the final stage of the cardiac cycle

A

Atrial (&ventricular) diastol- vents relax drops pressure & cycle repeats
Atrial pressure= céntricas pressure
Atvent valves open slightly
SL valves closed

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24
Q

What’s a cohort study

A

2 groups of healthy people
Monitors disease development

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25
What's a case control study
Infected people Common features to draw conclusions
26
What are the pros of cohort studies
More reliable Large scale
27
What are the pros of cohort studies
More reliable Large scale
28
What are the cons of cohort studies
Takes decades Expensive Hard to collaborate data
29
What are the pro of case control studies
Cheaper Quicker
30
What are the cons of case control studies
High reliability on participant honesty
31
What’s the 1st step of atherosclerosis
Endothelium is damaged
32
What’s the 2nd step of atherosclerosis
Inflammatory response- WBCs and chemicals from blood (eg: cholesterol) accumulate
33
What’s the 3rd step of atherosclerosis
Ca salts released by collagen later forming fibrous cap (plaque)
34
What’s the 4th step of atherosclerosis
High blood pressure causes positive feedback loop
35
How is atherosclerosis a positive feedback loop
Results in high BP which increases risk for more atherosclerosis
36
What causes atherosclerosis?
-High BP - toxins/ cigarette smoke - high cholesterol/ blood sugar
37
What are the consequences of atherosclerosis
Build up of blood could cause aneurysm Often fatal if bursts
38
Why are blood clots beneficial
-Prevent bleeding -Stop pathogens entering -Repair damaged tissues
39
How can blood clots form
-Lack of movement -atherosclerosis bursting - snake venom
40
What’s the 1st step in blood clots formation?
Platelets meet damaged endothelium
41
What’s the 2nd step in blood clot formation?
Platelets become sticky from contact with collagen layer and stick together- platelet plug
42
What’s the 3rd step in blood clot formation?
Thromboplastin released triggering Blood clotting cascade
43
What’s the 4th step of blood clot formation?
fibrin mesh catches RBCs forming a blood clot
44
What’s the blood clotting chemical cascade?
thromboplastin with Ca and vitamin k catalyse prothrombin —> thrombin thrombin catalyses soluble fibrinogen —> insoluble fibrin
45
Name 3 monosaccharides
glucose, fructose, galactose
46
What are the properties of glucose?
Used in respiration Soluble- easy transportation
47
How is fructose different to glucose?
Found in fruit- attracts animals Sweeter than glucose
48
How is galactose different from these
OH H bonds are inverted compared to glucose found in milk
49
What's a glycosidic bond
Bond between monosaccharides using oxygen Produces molecule
50
What's a condensation reaction
Making new molecule Produces water
51
What's a hydrolysis reaction
Breaks molecule Uses water
52
Name 3 disaccharides
sucrose, maltose, lactose
53
What’s sucrose made from
glucose + fructose
54
What’s maltose made from?
glucose + glucose
55
What’s lactose made from?
Glucose + galactose
56
Name 3 polysaccharides
Amylose, amylopectin , glycogen
57
What’s the structure of amylose
Only 1-4 carbon bonds Helical Part of starch
58
What’s the structure of amylopectin
1-4 and 1-6 carbon bonds Branched (more compact that amylose) Part of starch
59
What’s the structure of glycogen?
1-4 and 1-6 carbon bonds (more 1-6 than amylopectin) More branched and compact
60
What are lipids made of?
fatty acids and glycerol
61
What are lipids?
Structural and nutrient substances (cell membrane component) Source of vitamin A D E & K
62
Describe lipids solubility
Low in water High in substances like ethanol and chloroform
63
What are the 3 parts of fatty acids?
Carboxylic acid group Hydrocarbon chain Methyl group
64
Describe the structure of glycerol
Hydrocarbon chain with one side of H ions and another OH ions
65
How are triglycerides formed?
condensation of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acid molecules
66
What's a saturated lipid?
All carbon bonds are single bonds
67
What are unsaturated lipids?
Has 1 or more double carbon bonds
68
What's the difference between saturated and unsaturated lipids
Saturated- more dense - straighter chain Unsaturated- less dense bent carbon chain l
69
What's a phospholipid
A triglyceride where one of the fatty acids is replaced by a phosphate group
70
What are phospholipids used for
Make up cell membranes
71
What's the phospholipid bilayer
Phosphate end = soluble in water Fatty acids orientate away from water (water = polar)
72
Define metabolism
Sum of all chemical reactions in cells
73
Define metabolic rate
Speed of which the reactions occur
74
What is blood pressure?
Max pressure generated in ventricle/ min pressure when ventricles relax Systolic pressure: diastolic pressure
75
What is blood pressure effected by
Blood volume Cardiac output Blood vessels' peripheral resistance
76
What is peripheral resistance
Resistance due to friction between blood and vessel wall
77
What are factors of high blood pressure
Chronic stress Age High salt diet
78
How does chronic stress impact high blood pressure
releases hormones which constrict arteries (smaller lumen for same blood volume)
79
How does age impact high blood pressure
reduces artery elasticity (can't stretch as much)
80
How does high salt diet affect high blood pressure
kidneys retain more water increasing blood volume
81
What are three types of medication for CVD
Antihypertensives Cholesterol lowering Anticoagulants and platelet inhibitors
82
What’s an example of antihypertensive
calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors
83
What’s an example of cholesterol lowering drugs
Statins
84
What’s an example of anticoagulants and platelet inhibitors
Aspirin
85
What do anti hypertensives do
Reduce blood pressure
86
what are the side effects of antihypertensives
nausea and dizziness
87
What do cholesterol lowing drugs do
Inhibits enzyme that makes LDL cholesterol
88
What are the side effects of cholesterol lowering drugs
nausea Muscle pain/ cramps liver damage
89
What do anticoagulants and platelet inhibitors do?
Reduce risk of blood clots
90
What are the side effects of anticoagulants and platelet inhibitors
Nausea, uncontrolled bleeding, stomach ulcers
91
What is the role of cholesterol?
Stabilises fluidity if cell membranes Makes up sex hormones
92
How is cholesterol transported?
as a lipoprotein due to being insoluble in water
93
How is cholesterol transported?
as a lipoprotein due to being insoluble in water
94
What are LDLs
low density lipoproteins from saturated fats
95
What are LDLs
low density lipoproteins from saturated fats
96
What are HDLs?
high density lipoproteins from unsaturated fats
97
What do LDLs do?
bind to cell membrane receptors before entering cells Carries cholesterol from liver to cells
98
What do HDLs do?
transports cholesterol to liver for breakdown
99
What should the ratio of LDLs and HDLs be?
Low LDLs High HDLs
100
Why should the ratio of LDLs be this way
Excess LDLs increases blood cholesterol (due to blocking cell membrane receptors) risk of atheromas
101
Why should the ratio of HDLs be this way?
HDLs lower blood cholesterol and removes/ reduced fatty plaques from atherosclerosis

AS Biology (4 decks)

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