LIJSTJES !!! meer stampwerk Flashcards
(32 cards)
Why do we need political parties in a representative democracies (for consolidation)? 6 reasons:
chapter 5
- they provide a coherent set of ideas + organize electoral choices
- they REPRESENT people + CONNECT them to government
- help people understand WHERE they belong in politics
- Ensure ACCOUNTABILITY + RESPONSIVENESS of government
- Reach more people than individual candidates.
- Facilitate political ORGANIZATION by connecting different individuals
Why are parties extra important in new democracies?
chapter 5
Need to build voter trust:
- Show people it make sense to vote
- Demonstrate that parties represent their interests
- Addressing divided societies ( some voters will support former rulers)
- Fix major problems left by authoritarian regime
- Inform + integrate voters into new system.
Types of linkages effect on (democratic/ autocratic) consolidation (4 types)
Chapter 11
- Ideological/ programmatic
- best for democracy - Clientelist
- undermines democracy. Favors incumbents - Personalist
- undermines elections
Focus on individuals - Ethnic/Nationalist
- Can destabilize democracy, creates zero-sum politics
Congruence theory
Chapter 5
- Political regimes only stabilize if their authority patterns match a population autority beliefs
- What population finds legitimate is key in stabilizing regimes
- Political culture underpins democracy, if culture does not match insititution –> result is instability.
Authoritarian regimes can be supported by citizens, but data cannot alsways be seen as reliable
Chapter 5
Emancipatory theory of Democratisation
- adaption theory of value change: by Ingelhart & Wezel
Ingehart & Wezel specify value change theory, saying that modernization leads to emancipatory values.
Emancipatory values are”
* personal autonomy
* Gender equality
* Reproductive choice
* Popular voice
They claim these are universal values that support democratization + these will develop when countries experience modernisation
- There is an idea with supply + demand with these emancipatory values.
Congruence theory
Chapter 5
- Political regime only stabilize if their authority patterns match a populations authority beliefs.
- What population finds legitimate is key in stabilizing regimes
- Political culture underpins democracy, if culture does not match institutions –> result is instability.
this means that authoritarian regimes can be supported by citizens, but data can not always be seen as reliable
What are disadvantages of military interventions for democratization?
Chapter 11
- Civilian casualities + destruction
- Expensive
- democracy may not stick
- Risk of more conflict
What are main ways international actors promote democracy (4)
Chapter 11
- linkage and leverage
- Colonial occupation= military interventions
- democratic aid
- Geopolitical importance
( democracy promoted in countries where it aligns with western countries)
Linkage what is it
the density of a countries ties to the West (EU, USA, international institutions)
Types of linkages
- economic linkage
- Geopolitical linkage
- social linkage
- communication linkage
- Transnational civil society linkage
How does linkage promote democratization? (4 ways)
- Media exposes government abuse
– increase visibility of authoritarian actors - increase chance of international ressponse
– repression riskier - creates domestic pro-democracy actors
( domestic stakeholders) - shifts power in favor of democracy supporters.
Characteristics Presidential system
Chapter 8
- Executive + legislative power are directly elected by the people
(Exception USA electoral college) - Chief executive is not accountable to Parliament
(Only through impeachment) - Chief executive is a single person (mostly)
- Chief executive is head of government
(Partisan, political direction)
And head of State
(Ceremonial function mostly) - chief executive has a fixed term of office
Characteristics Parliamentary system
Chapter 8
- Only legislative is elected by the people
- The parliament selects a prime minister - who then forms the cabinet
- Chief executive is a team : prime minister & cabinet
- Chief executive is only head of government, not a head of state
Chapter 8
De Jure power
Chapter 8
formal constitutional power, defined by Constitution
De jure power is more important for presidents since their autority is constitutionally defined.
Prime ministers rely on more informal power and party strength
Presidential system:
* veto power over legislation
* ability to legislate by degree in certain areas
* power to take immediate military action
* presidements/ parliaments can impeach each other.
Chapter 8
De Facto power
Chapter 8
**Practical, political power
**
Strength and cohesion of parties in legislature
* need majority in Parliament or alliances with other parties to pass laws.
(Biden lost majority in Congress –> led to gridlock, no legislation passes)
Electoral Legitimacy: presidents who wins only 30% votes has weaker de factor power than with 60% support.
Chapter 8
under what conditions is democracy aid most effective?
Chapter 11
- Stable investment over time
- Focused investment in 1-2 areas (not spread too thin)
- Most effective in Hybrid regimes transitioning to democracy
- Not effective in backsliding countries
Factors defining strenght of leverage
- state size
- military
- economic strength
- regional powers
chapter 11
How can linkage + leveage be used in promotion of Autocracy
chapter 11
- Authoritarian diffusion –> regimes copying each other
- Economic dependency : trade
- Soft power: framing autocracy as legitimate alternative
Examples of sticks and carrots used by international actors
chapter 11
sticks: sanctions, cutting aid, freezing assets
Carrots: loans, investment, trade agreement, international recognition.
Linz arguments against Presidentialism (7)
Chapter 8
- Dual legitimacy= gridlock
- Fixed terms= no way to get rid person unless you can find ground for impeachment
- Presidents represents not only citizens who voted for hijm but also ALL other citizens
- Personalism
- Rigid: fixed terms, grid lock
- Politics become Zero-sum game= winners and losers bigger distance
- time pressure –> presidents make worse decisions. Fixed terms, influencing decisions: push through legislative agenda due to time pressure
Horowitz objections against Linz (6)
1. Linz based his analysis on Latin America.
- if we look at Asia/ Africa, instability is often caused by Parliamentary systems, not just Presidentialism
2. Parliamentary systems with Majoritarian Electoral systems can also be ‘‘winner takes all’‘
- same polarization + power concentration
3. Presidentialism can include Conciliatory practices (mediator)
- can negotiate, cooperate with opposition, reducing zero-sum nature.
4. Institutions matter more than just President
(Ful linstitutional frame work: electoral system, party system, federalism)
5. Problem is not Presidency, but HOW presidents are elected.
- different electoral rules hape behaviour
**
6. Strong Prime Ministers can be more powerful than presidents in some places**
- PM power abuse
Lipsets objections against Linz critique of Presidentialism (5)
- Parliamential regimes also have failed
- Prime Ministers with a Parliamentary Majority can be more powerful than U.S. presidents
- Presidential systems can foster cross-party alliances
- Party structures differ between systems
- Religion & political culture matter more than institutions
! Potential negative effects Presidentialism (3)
- Authoritarian ‘‘creep’
- president changing constitution to enlarge executive power/ enlarge personal power
–> through more control over military for example - deadlock resulting from Dual legitimacy
- Zero-sum competition for power
- power concentrating: more effective but more prone to abuse.
What are the functions of Constitution (4)
- Enables self governance
- Constrain abusive capacities of state
- embody political ideals (bills of rights - definition ideal state)
- Express + maintain collective identity within democratic arrangements over time
- represents values people stand for, collective identity as nation-building tool.
