Lilienfeld "Why many clinical psychologists are resistant to evidence-based practice"

Question 1

What is a primary concern of Lilienfeld regarding Evidence-Based Practice (EBP)?

A. The cost of implementing EBP
B. The popularity of EBP among psychologists
C. Resistance to EBP among clinical psychologists
D. The simplicity of EBP methodology

Answer 1

C. Resistance to EBP among clinical psychologists

Question 2

What does Lilienfeld NOT list as a source of resistance to EBP?

A. Naïve realism
B. Misconceptions regarding human nature
C. Lack of available research on EBP
D. Mischaracterizations of what EBP entails

Answer 2

C. Lack of available research on EBP

Question 3

What does Lilienfeld suggest about naïve realism?

A. It helps in making accurate inferences in psychotherapy
B. It can lead clinicians to make erroneous inferences about the effectiveness of interventions
C. It is unrelated to therapeutic outcomes
D. It is a fundamental principle of EBP

Answer 3

B. It can lead clinicians to make erroneous inferences about the effectiveness of interventions

Question 4

Which of the following is a myth or misconception regarding human nature discussed by Lilienfeld?

A. Early experiences have no impact on development
B. Memory is always reliable
C. The causal primacy of early experiences
D. All interventions are equally effective

Answer 4

C. The causal primacy of early experiences

Question 5

What does Lilienfeld state about the application of group probabilities to individuals?

A. It is difficult
B. It is a nomothetic practise
C. It is an idiographic practise
D. It involves moving from nomothetic laws to idiographic practice

Answer 5

D. It involves moving from nomothetic laws to idiographic practice

Question 6

What does Lilienfeld suggest about the burden of proof in evaluating therapies?

A. It should be on proponents of therapies to demonstrate their efficacy
B. It should be on those who are skeptical of new therapies
C. It is equally distributed between skeptics and proponents
D. It is on the psychologists who work with patients every day

Answer 6

A. It should be on proponents of therapies to demonstrate their efficacy

Question 7

What does Lilienfeld suggest is a mischaracterization of EBP according to the authors?

A. It is only about empirically supported therapies
B. It is about using scientific evidence to inform practice
C. It ignores clinical expertise
D. It considers client characteristics, culture, and preferences

Answer 7

C. It ignores clinical expertise

Question 8

What is one pragmatic obstacle to EBP mentioned by Lilienfeld?

A. Too little time
B. Overreliance on clinical expertise
C. Lack of EBP treatments
D. Difficulty understanding research

Answer 8

C. Difficulty understanding research

Question 9

What does Lilienfeld suggest about the role of EBP in clinical education and practice?

A. It is too difficult
B. It is essential
C. It should be introduced slowly
D. It is only relevant for researchers

Answer 9

B. It is essential

Question 10

hat is NOT a recommendation given by Lilienfeld for addressing resistance to EBP?

A. Ignoring resistance among practitioners
B. Enhancing graduate education in research methodology
C. Encouraging a scientific mindset in students
D. Addressing misconceptions about EBP in training

Answer 10

A. Ignoring resistance among practitioners

Question 11

What is a point about EBP by Lilienfeld?

A. EBP equals empirically supported therapy
B. EBP does not always need to be supported by empirical evidence
C. EBP is not applicable in clinical psychology
D. EBP does not equal empirically supported therapy

Answer 11

D. EBP does not equal empirically supported therapy

Question 12

What is a concern of Lilienfeld regarding naïve realism and therapeutic effectiveness?

A. It can lead to accurate conclusions about therapeutic change
B. It is relevant to the efficacy of a therapy
C. It may lead to attributing change to the intervention when other factors may be responsible
D. It is a stance taken by the majority of clinicians

Answer 12

C. It may lead to attributing change to the intervention when other factors may be responsible

Question 13

What does Lilienfeld mention about myths regarding effective interventions?

A. They are not prevalent among psychologists
B. They can hinder the adoption of evidence-based treatments
C. They should be ignored
D. They are the most relevant topic in the discussion of EBP

Answer 13

B. They can hinder the adoption of evidence-based treatments

Question 14

What does Lilienfeld suggest about the use of statistical controls in research?

A. They are always reliable
B. They are not used in EBP
C. They can be susceptible to model misspecification
D. The more complex the model, the more useful

Answer 14

C. They can be susceptible to model misspecification and inferential error

Question 15

What does Lilienfeld suggest about the importance of replication in research?

A. It increases confidence
B. It is much more relevant in psychology than in other fields
C. It protects against drawing erroneous conclusions from a single study
D. It complicates research findings

Answer 15

C. It protects against drawing erroneous conclusions from a single study

Question 16

What is a misconception about EBP mentioned by Lilienfeld?

A. It is widely accepted among psychologists
B. It is only about research evidence
C. It ignores the importance of clinical expertise
D. It is not relevant to clinical practice

Answer 16

C. It ignores the importance of clinical expertise

Question 17

What does Lilienfeld mention about myths regarding effective interventions?

A. They are not relevant to the discussion of EBP
B. They are not prevalent among psychologists
C. They can hinder the adoption of evidence-based treatments
D. They should be ignored

Answer 17

A. They can hinder the adoption of evidence-based treatments

Question 18

What is traditionally defined as the first leg of the Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) stool?

A. The best available research evidence
B. Clinical expertise
C. Client preferences and values
D. Clinical experience

Answer 18

A. The best available research evidence

Question 19

What is the evidence often conceptualized as, with regard to the first leg of EBP?

A. A linear model
B. A hierarchy with data from meta-analyses and RCTs at the apex
C. A hierarchy with correlational studies at the apex
D. A hierarchy with quasi-experimental studies at the apex

Answer 19

B. A hierarchy with data from meta-analyses and RCTs at the apex

Question 20

What does the second leg of the EBP stool comprise?

A. Only clinical judgment
B. Only clinical experience
C. Client preferences and values
D. Clinical expertise

Answer 20

D. Clinical expertise

Question 21

What does the third leg of the EBP stool consist of?

A. Clinical expertise
B. Research evidence
C. Client preferences and values
D. Clinical judgment

Answer 21

C. Client preferences and values

Question 22

What is the relationship between EBP and Empirically Supported Therapies (ESTs) as per the article?

A. EBP and ESTs are identical
C. EBP is a type of EST
C. ESTs are outdated forms of EBP
D. ESTs may inform EBP, but they are not equivalent

Answer 22

D. ESTs may inform EBP, but they are not equivalent

Question 23

Which involves using clinical skills and past experiences to identify each patient’s unique health state and diagnosis?

A. Clinical evidence
B. Clinical experience
C. Clinical expertise
D. Clinical research

Answer 23

C. Clinical expertise

Question 24

What does Lilienfeld suggest about the role of scientific evidence in EBP?

A. It has less priority than clinical experience
B. It has equal priority to patient’s experiences
C. It has higher priority than clinical expertise
D. It is not a component of EBP

Answer 24

C. It has higher priority than clinical expertise

Question 25

What does Lilienfeld suggest about resistance to EBP? A. We should ignore it to move on B. It should not be ignored or dismissed C. It is not prevalent among psychologists, anyway, so it's not important D. It can be combatted by presenting research literature

Answer 25

B. It should not be ignored or dismissed

Question 26

What does Lilienfeld suggest about the role of scientific evidence in evaluating the efficacy and effectiveness of psychotherapies? A. It is indispensable when evaluating the efficacy and effectiveness of psychotherapies B. It is less important than other components C. It is more important than patients' judgements and equally as important as clinical expertise D. It is not relevant for all psychotherapies

Answer 26

A. It is indispensable when evaluating the efficacy and effectiveness of psychotherapies

Question 27

What does Lilienfeld suggest about the role of clinical experience in informing valid practitioner judgments? A. It is the most important component of EBP since it invovles the people who have experience treating patients B. It is not used in EBP since EBP is exclusively about experimental evidence. C. It is indispensable as a source of clinical hypotheses. D. It is too simple to be useful

Answer 27

C. It is indispensable as a source of clinical hypotheses.

Question 28

What is the perspective of naïve realism regarding perception and reality? A. Perception is always distorted B. Reality is always subjective C. Perception and reality are unrelated D. The external world is exactly as we perceive it

Answer 28

D. The external world is exactly as we perceive it

Question 29

What does the phrase “believing is seeing” imply in the context of naïve realism? A. Beliefs do not influence perception B. Our beliefs can shape our perceptions C. Seeing always leads to believing D. Beliefs are always based on what we see

Answer 29

B. Our beliefs can shape our perceptions

Question 30

What is a logical error related to attributing change following therapy to the therapy itself? A. Post hoc ergo propter hoc B. Ad hominem C. Straw man D. Red herring

Answer 30

A. Post hoc ergo propter hoc

Question 31

What does the history of medicine suggest about treatments before about 1890? A. They were largely based on scientific research B. They were mostly effective C. They were largely the history of the placebo effect D. They were mostly based on psychological principles

Answer 31

C. They were largely the history of the placebo effect

Question 32

How can overreliance on naïve realism lead to inaccurate judgements about therapeutic efficacy? A. It makes forming control groups more diffcult B. It may lead to misperceiving change C. It enhances the placebo effect D. It amplifies intergroup differences

Answer 32

B. It may lead to misperceiving change

Question 33

What is true about prefrontal lobotomy? A. It was always considered ineffective B. It was developed without any scientific basis C. It won a Nobel Prize D. It was not practiced widely

Answer 33

C. It won a Nobel Prize

Question 34

What does Lilienfeld suggest about Causes of Spurious Therapeutic Effectiveness (CSTEs)? A. They are always perceptually salient B. They are always recognized by therapists C. They are not relevant in clinical psychology D. They can make ineffective or harmful interventions appear effective

Answer 34

D. They can make ineffective or harmful interventions appear effective

Question 35

What is a characteristic of CSTEs in the context of therapeutic interventions? A. They are based on scientific evidence B. They lead to harmful outcomes C. They lie in the causal background D. They are acknowledged by therapists

Answer 35

C. They lie in the causal background

Question 36

What does Lilienfeld suggest about the impact of CSTEs on therapeutic interventions? A. They can mislead therapists into believing an intervention is effective when it is not B. They enhance therapeutic effectiveness C. They are recognized and accounted for by therapists D. They can be eliminated

Answer 36

A. They can mislead therapists into believing an intervention is effective when it is not

Question 37

What does the article imply about the relationship between CSTEs and therapeutic outcomes? A. CSTEs always lead to negative therapeutic outcomes C. CSTEs influence perceived therapeutic outcomes B. CSTEs are always identified and controlled for in therapy D. CSTEs cannot be eliminated and have come to be accepted

Answer 37

C. CSTEs influence perceived therapeutic outcomes