limbic system

Question 1

uncus

Answer 1

primary olfactory cortex

Question 2

input gate to hippocampus

Answer 2

dentate gyrus

Question 3

functions in LT memory and spatial navigation

Answer 3

hippocampus

Question 4

limbic func

Answer 4

memory emotion attention feeding mating

Question 5

stimulation of lateral hypothalamus

Answer 5

Thirst and eating

Also

rage and fightingg

Question 6

stimulation of VM hypothalamus

Answer 6

satiety and tranquility

Question 7

olfactory inputs into limbic

Answer 7

• direct input into amygdala (emotions that drives behavior)
• indirect input to hippocampus (olfactory memory)
• input to primary olfactory cortex (uncus)

Question 8

connection of limbic system that mediates visceral response to odors

Answer 8

• hippocampal to hypothalamic connection

Question 9

olfactory perception of odors

Answer 9

orbitofrontal cortex

Question 10

hypothalamus

Answer 10

maintenance of homeostasis

controls several internal conditions, such as control of body weight, drives to eat and drink, temperature regulation and maintenance of body fluids volume.

Question 11

lateral hypothalamus

• stimulation
• lesions

Answer 11

• stimulation not only causes thirst and eating but also rage and fighting.
• Any lesions in this area will lead to decreased drinking and eating causing lethal starvation.

Question 12

ventromedial hypothalamus

Answer 12

stimulation provokes a sense of satiety and tranquility.

If damaged, it will result in excessive eating, drinking, and hyperactivity.

Question 13

Stimulation of periventricular nucleus

Answer 13

The stimulation of the thin zone leads to fear and punishment reactions.

Question 14

Any lesions in this area will lead to decreased drinking and eating causing lethal starvation.

Answer 14

lateral hypothalamus

Question 15

major reward centers of hypothalamus

Answer 15

lateral and ventromedial nucleus

Question 16

mild vs strong stimulation of lateral and ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus

Answer 16

Milder stimulation of these areas gives a sense of reward, while stronger stimulation provokes rage and a sense of punishment

Question 17

‘window’ through which the limbic system sees the place of a person in the world.

Answer 17

amygdala

Question 18

Amygdala input

Answer 18

bidirectional connection with the hypothalamus. It receives neuronal signals from all portions of the limbic cortex, as well as from the auditory and visual association areas.

Question 19

The amygdala works in collaboration with the ————. Its stimulation can also provoke feelings of rage, punishment, fear, and escape.

Answer 19

hypothalamus

Question 20

amygdala outward signals

Answer 20

sends outward signals to the hypothalamus, thalamus, hippocampus, septum and the same cortical areas through which it has received the sensory signals.

Question 21

structures (limbic system) with processes that impact the episodic autobiographic memory networks

Answer 21

amygdala and hippocampus

Question 22

Different types of involuntary movements, such as tonic movements, clonic rhythmic movements, and movements associated with eating and olfaction are controlled by the ——-.

Answer 22

amygdala

Question 23

local epileptic seizures

Answer 23

cause by weak electrical stimulation of the hippocampus may that last for a few seconds, even after the stimulation is over.

Question 24

During hippocampal seizures, a patient may experience ——— and ——–.

Answer 24

various psychomotor effects and hallucinations.

Question 25

The memory that remains intact after bilateral hippocampus removal for the treatment of epilepsy

Answer 25

preoperative memory Hippocampus plays an important role in the formation of long-term memory. This is evident by the fact that patients who had undergone bilateral hippocampus removal for the treatment of epilepsy were unable to remember the names of the persons they met after the surgery.

Question 26

transmission of immediate memory into secondary memory and is also performed by

Answer 26

hippocampus

Question 27

an example of transmission of immediate memory into secondary memory

Answer 27

the feelings of reward and punishment are the ‘immediate memory’ which needs to be converted into ‘a secondary memory.’ When the same stimulus is given over and over again, a permanent perception is made in the brain regarding that particular stimulus as either ‘a reward’ or ‘a punishment.

Question 28

functions of the limbic cortex

Answer 28

The cingulate gyrus is responsible for linking the olfactory and visual signals to the previous memories and emotions. It also plays a role in aggression.

Question 29

bilateral ablation of the posterior portion of the orbital frontal gyrus

Answer 29

it results in severe anosmia and motor restlessness.

Question 30

Ablation of the cingulate gyri and the subcallosal gyri

Answer 30

release the inhibitory signals on the septum and the hypothalamus and results in extreme rage and aggressive behavior.

Question 31

components of basal ganglia

Answer 31

It includes the caudate nucleus, the putamen, Globus pallidus, and substancia nigra.

Question 32

functions of basal ganglia

Answer 32

It is involved in rule-based learning. It also controls the initiation of desired movements while inhibiting the undesired movements at the same time. The working memory andattention span are also under the influence of the basal ganglia.

Question 33

Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome

Answer 33

Wernicke-Korsakoff-Syndrome is a combination of two different medical conditions; namely, **Wernicke’s encephalopathy** and **Korsakoff syndrome**. Both of them result in brain damage due to a d**eficiency of Vitamin B1 (Thiamine**). In Wernicke’s encephalopathy, the thalamus and the hypothalamus are damaged, while in Korsakoff syndrome, the area of the brain involved in memory is permanently impaired.

Question 34

causes of WKS

Answer 34

* **Chronic alcohol abusers who have altered thiamine absorption and storage capacity as well as disordered activation of thiamine pyrophosphate.** * Individuals suffering from **malabsorption** syndromes such as post-**bariatric surgery patients.** * Starvation. * Clinical conditions that result in low levels of thiamine, such as **AIDS, cancer, hyperemesis gravidarum, long-term dialysis, cardiac failure, thyrotoxicosis and total parenteral nutrition** (TPN) for a long time with no thiamine replacement.

Question 35

Korsakoff syndrome symptoms

Answer 35

**loss of memory**, **hallucinations**, and **confabulation** are the presenting complaints for which the patient is brought for the medical check-up.