Limbic Systems 1

Question 1

Give an overview of the anatomy of the limbic system: cortical regions

Answer 1

prefontal
cingulate
insula
parahippocampal gyrus

Question 2

Give an overview of the anatomy of the limbic system: subcortical regions

Answer 2

hippocampus
basal ganglia
amygdala

Question 3

Describe the neurological pathways using: norepinepherine

Answer 3

projects from LOCUS CERULEUS in pons to cortex

additional selectivity under stress

Question 4

Describe the neurological pathways using: dopamine

Answer 4

projects from VENTRAL TEGMENTUM in midbrain to PFC and basal ganglia
PFC projection promotes motivationally based behavior

Question 5

Describe the neurological pathways using: serotonin

Answer 5

RAPHE NUCLEUS to extensive cortical areas

mood, sleep/wake cycles

Question 6

Describe the neurological pathways using: acetyl choline

Answer 6

septum, nucleus basalis, and diagonal band of Bronca project to thalamus and extensive cortical areas

Question 7

Where is the hippocampus located?

Answer 7

near the medial temporal lobe surface

bulges into lateral ventricle

Question 8

Describe the connections of the hippocampus

Answer 8

sensory, assaciation, cingulate, and prefrontal cortex

Question 9

What are the functions of the hippocampus?

Answer 9

declarative/episodic memory

1. mediates the recording of episodic memories
2. Identifies common features between episodes
3. Links these common episodes in a memory space

Question 10

What is declarative memory

Answer 10

memories which can be consciously recalled, facts/knowledge

Question 11

Distinguish between episodic and semantic memory

Answer 11

Episodic- specific autobiographical memories or events, auto-noetic
Semantic- non-contextual content of experience or knowledge about the world, noetic consciousness

Question 12

Describe the rold or the hippocampus and vmPFC in forming and consolodating declarative memory.

Answer 12

Hippocampus encodes and consolidates episodic moments and projects them to wide areas of cortex (semantic facts)
PFC- working memory/short term

Question 13

Describe the stages of sleep and their EEG correlates.

Answer 13

Non-REM- 4 stages- EEG waves increase in amplitude and decrease in frequency
SWS in last stages of Non-REM
REM- EEG is similar to waking: low amplitude and high frequency

Question 14

What are the pathways that maintain wakefulness, and how do you fall asleep?

Answer 14

Thalamus- active during waking and REM, inactive during non-REM
Cholinergic pathway

Cortex- processes input from thalamus, monoaminergiv pathway (NE, 5HT, DA)

Question 15

How is sleep regulated by a circadian cycle?

Answer 15

SCN(suprachiasmatic nucleus) responds to light/dark
Projects to:SPZ (supraventricular zone)
DMH (dorsal medial nuclei of hypothalamus)

Question 16

When does reactivation of memory occur during sleep?

Answer 16

SWS

Question 17

When are memories consolidated?

Answer 17

SWS, consolidation of declarative and procedural memory

REM- final consolidation

Question 18

What role does the septum and diagonal band of Bronca have in memory consolidation during sleep?

Answer 18

Ach regulates activation of memory traces in hippocampus
Waking- increased Ach, increased sensory inpu and encoding in hippocampus
SWS, decreased Ach, increased reactivation of memories in hippocampus and their transfer to neocortex

Question 19

How is memory consolidation affected in Alzheimers disease?

Answer 19

degeneration of cortex, cholinergic, and other neuromodulatory tracts
inability to consonlidate short term to long term