Limjoco- Liver Path X 10 Melissa Flashcards
(260 cards)
1
Q
The liver connects blood flow between which two entities?
Describe the blood supply to the liver.
A
- GI system and systemic circulation
- Liver has DUAL blood supply
(2/3 = portal vein; 1/3= hepatic artery)
2
Q
What is the portal triad?
A
- Hepatic artery
- Portal vein
- Common bile duct
3
Q
Describe blood flow through the liver; where does the portal venous blood mix with blood from the hepatic artery?
Describe the composition of portal venous blood and blood in the hepatic artery…
A
Portal venous blood + Hepatic arterial blood mix in sinusoids–> Central vv’s –> Hepatic vv’s –> IVC–> R. Atrium
- *Portal venous blood has LOW O2 and ^ nutrients from GI system
- *Hepatic Arterial blood has ^ O2 and comes from the heart
4
Q
What are kuppfer cells?
A
Specialized MQs found in liver sinusoids
5
Q
What do we call the space between endothelial cells and hepatocytes in the liver? What are the cells within this space called? What do they do?
A
Space of Disse: contains STELLATE (Ito) CELLS that mediate such pathological events like liver fibrosis (liver stem cells)
6
Q
Describe the shape of a liver lobule? An acinus?
How does blood supply change throughout the acinus?
A
A lobule is the area surrounding a central vein; lobules have lowest O2 content in the center (near the vein)
An acinus is the space between a branch of the hepatic artery and the center of a lobule (hepatic vein); O2 content DECREASES with increasing distance from the hepatic artery (approaching the center of a lobule)
7
Q
The liver metabolizes… (3)
A
carbs, lipids and fats
8
Q
The liver synthesizes … (5)
A
- albumin
- clotting factors: I, II, V, VII, XIII
- Lipoproteins (VLDL, LDL, HDL)
- cholesterol
- glycogen
9
Q
The liver catabolizes… (3)
A
- ammonia–> urea (urea cycle***)
- hormones
- drugs/ chemicals
10
Q
The liver stores… (4)
A
- glycogen
- TGs
- Fe, Cu
- Vit ADEK
11
Q
The liver excretes… (2)
A
bile and endogenous waste
12
Q
Describe the liver’s role as blood reservoir; under what type of stimulus will the amount of stored blood increase?
A
Sympathetic stimulation INCREASES the amount of blood stored in the liver
13
Q
How does the liver play a role in endocrine function?
A
- synthesis of vitamin D
- removal of circulating hormones i.e. glucagon, etc.
14
Q
What are the two serum transaminases and how are they indicative of liver function? What is their normal role in liver function
A
- Aspartate amino transferase (AST)
- Alanine amino transferase (ALT)
AST and ALT will INCREASE in serum in response to hepatocyte injury; normally facilitate amino acid metabolism
15
Q
What is the function of alkaline phosphatase?
Elevated ALP in serum indicates what kind of disease?
A
- ALP removes PO4 groups (bile duct cells + liver cells)
- Elevated in CHOLESTATIC disease
16
Q
Gamma Glutamyl Transpeptidase: what is the function of this enzyme? What does elevated GGT in serum indicate?
A
- GGT is involved in glutathione metabolism + drug detox
- ^ GGT + ^ ALT in serum indicated HEPATOBILIARY DISASE
17
Q
What is the most sensitive indicator for liver disease?
A
^^^ serum GGT
18
Q
What does albumin do? How is serum albumin content changed in liver disease?
A
- Albumin maintains normal oncotic pressure
- LOW serum albumin is indicative of liver disease (degree depletion NOT indicative of disease severity)
19
Q
What is the #1 cause of acute hepatitis?
A
viral hepatitis
20
Q
List some potential causes of acute hepatitis?
Do not memorise list; each will be discussed independently; just for overview
A
- viral hepatitis
- acetaminophen toxicity
- idiosyncratic drug response
- ETOH
- Autoimmune hepatitis
- metabolic disorders (Reye, acute fatty liver of preggos)
- circulatory disorders (Budd- chiari, right heart failure)
21
Q
Describe spotty/ lytic necrosis; with what disease state is it associated?
A
Acute Hepatitis
- clusters of small lymphs surrounding liver cells
22
Q
Describe ballooning degeneration; with what disease state is it associated?
A
Acute Hepatitis
- fluid filed hepatocytes
23
Q
Describe interface hepatitis; with what disease state is it associated?
A
Acute Hepatitis
- lymphocytic infiltrate surrounds portal tract and spills over limiting plate into lobule
24
Q
Describe confluent necrosis; with what disease state is it associated?
A
Acute hepatitis
- many dead cells with pale cytoplasm
- possible ‘functional islands’ of spared tissue
25
Describe bridging necrosis with what disease state is it associated?
Acute Hepatitis
- ^^^ fibroblasts
- spans 2 architectural structures (i.e. portal vein and hepatic artery, etc.)
26
Three possible clinical outcomes of acute hepatitis?
| How does confluent necrosis or chronic injury influence the liver's regenerative capacity?
- spontaneous resolution with supportive tx.
- acute liver failure
- chronic hepatitis
**regeneration of hepatocytes will continue in spite of chronic injury or confluent necrosis
27
What are 6 clinical manifestations of acute hepatitis?
- encephalopathy (acute)
- coagulopathy --> GI bleeds
- acute renal failure (pre renal)
- infection, sepsis
- respiratory failure
- CV collapse
28
What is Acute Hepatic FAILURE?
What typically causes it?
When and with what two comorbidities will it present?
Chronic liver disease +/- compensation-->
Decreased hepatocyte # or function--> Acute Hepatic Failure
- Appears within 26 wks of initial liver injury
- Presents with coagulopathy and encephalopathy
29
What are the three ways that acute hepatic failure can present PATHOLOGICALLY?
- #1: chronic liver disease changes
- massive hepatic necrosis (80-90% loss)
- non-necrotic AHF ( i.e. reye's, preggos, drug tox)
30
How does Acute Hepatic Failure manifest clinically?
| skin, blood, neuro?
- Jaundice (bilirubin retention) + N/ V
- Hyperammonimia
- Bx Changes, Rigidity, hyper-reflexia, EEG Changes
31
Describe the coagulopathy associated with acute hepatic failure: 4
- decreased clotting factor production
- ^ PT (decreased F VII)
- thrombocytopenia (marrow suppression, hypersplenism)
- DIC (failure to clear ACTIVATED factors from circulation)
32
What is micro vesicular steatosis and with what is it associated? What are three things that can cause this?
- Histological appearance of AHF in which fat globules fill cells bit not enough to push nuclei into periphery
- Asstd with fatty liver of PREGGOS, valproate or tetracycline toxicity
33
What are the lab findings associated with AHF?
- ^ AST, ^ALT
- Hypoalbuminemia
- Hyperammoemia
34
What are the ABCDEFs of AHF?
```
Acetaminophen, HepA, Autoimmune
Hep B
Hep C, Cryptogenic
Drugs (+ toxins), Hep D
Hep E, Esoterie cases (wilson's, budd chirari)
Fatty changes (microvesicular type)
```
35
What happens in hepatorenal syndrome?
What will make it better?
Describe the progression...
Pre renal failure without intrinsic morphologic abnormalities; renal function will normalize with improved hepatic function
systemic vasodilation--> compensatory renal vasoconstriction--> decreased GFR
36
Define Chronic Liver Disease; what is the endgame?
Liver disease, abnormal testing that lasts, progressive fibrosis that lasts LONGER than 6 mos
End result = cirrhosis
37
Describe the pathogenesis of liver CIRRHOSIS:
Damaged hepatocyte--> ROS/ Gfs/ TNF/ IL1-->
*ACTIVATE STELLATE CELL--> TGFB, SM actin, GFAP-->
Collagen deposition--> Fibrosis--> Cirrhosis
38
Describe the histological path changes to the liver in liver cirrhosis: (4)
- FIBROSIS surrounding multiple adjacent lobules
| - Regenerative NODULES in canals of Hering (micro)
39
Describe the early and late clinical manifestations of liver cirrhosis:
asx--> nonspecific (weak, anorexic) sx--> progressive liver failure--> portal HTN--> ascites, portal-systemic shunts, congestive HSM, encephalopathy
40
What is bile? Where is it produced?
| What are its 4 functions?
Complex fluid of bile acids + bilirubin made in LIVER
Flows through biliary tract into sm intestine:
1) Emulsification + micelle formation = absorb dietary fat
2) Bicarb = neutralize gastric acid
3) Elimination: cholesterol, protein bound organic molecules, heavy metals, lipophilic metabolites
41
What is bilirubin? How much of bile does it comprise?
How is it clinically relevant?
What are its two forms?
Heme breakdown products; 2% of bile
- makes bruises and jaundiced people yellow
- conjugated and unconjugated
42
Contrast conjugated and unconjugated bilirubin:
Unconjucated: water INSOLUBLE + TOXIC; crosses BBB in babies to cause kernicterus
Conjugated: water SOLUBLE, nontoxic, excreted in urine
43
What are bile salts? What are the two important ones called? What is their function?
- Bile acids (cholesterol breakdown products) conjugated to Taurine or Glycine
- Cholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid
- Act as detergents to solubilize water insoluble lipids
44
Cholestasis: define the term
Decreased bile flow--> accumulation of substances normally excreted in bile
45
95% of bile acids are reabsorbed from WHERE in the intestine and returned to the liver???
TERMINAL ILEUM
46
If there is an issue with excessive bilirubin production, what type of bilirubinemia would occur?
What are 3 different pathological states that could induce such bilirubinemia?
Heme--> *Heme oxygenase*// *Biliverdinreductase*--> UNCONJUCATED Hyperbilirubinemia
Potential causes:
- hemolytic anemia
- hematoma/ internal hemorrhage
- ineffective erythropoiesis (PA, thalassemia)
47
Failure of bilirubin uptake or binding would cause what type of bilirubinemia?
What are 4 different pathological states that could induce such bilirubinemia?
Bilirubin-Alb complex--> NOT transported across cell mb and taken up by protein carrier-->
UNCONJUCATED Hyperbilirubinemia
Potential causes:
- Hepatocellular injury
- Drugs (interference with metabolism of protein carriers)
- Physiologic jaundice of the newborn
- Gilbert's syndrome
48
Failure to conjugate bilirubin in the hepatocyte ER involves failure of what enzyme?
What type of bilirubinemia will ensue?
What are 4 potential causes of such bilirubinemia?
Failure of *UDP Glucuronyl Transferase*--> Bilirubin NOT conjugated withglucuronic acid in ER-->
UNCONJUCATED Hyperbilirubinemia
Potential causes:
- Breast milk (???)
- Genetic UGT1A1 deficiency (Crigler-Najjar)
- Gilbert's syndrome
- Diffuse hepatitis
49
Failure to excrete bilirubin will result in what type of bilirubinemia?
What are 3 potential causes of excretion failure?
CONJUGATED bilirubin diffuses through cell into bile canaliculus--> FAILS to get excreted into bile-->
CONJUGATED Hyperbilirubinemia
Potential causes:
- Dublin-Johnson, Rotor (deficient canalicular membrane transporter)
- Autoimmune cholangiopathies
- Ductal obstruction
50
Describe the pathway of bile cycling when excreted into small bowel:
Bile excreted into small bowel + *B-glucuronidases*-->
Free bilirubin + Reduction Rxn--> Pyrroles + Urobilinogen-->
80% Urobilinogen excreted in feces; 20% reabsorbed in ileum--> return to liver --> re-excreted in bile or urine
Note: B-glucuronidases come from gut bacteria
51
Describe the histological appearance hepatocytes affected by cholistasis within bile canaliculi:
Clusters of MQs + feathery degeneration of hepatocytes w/ clear cytoplasm
52
What are the clinical implications for intrahepatic vs extra hepatic cholestasis?
- Intrahepatic can ONLY be treated with liver transplant
| - Extrahepatic can be cured by surgical means (less sever then transplant)
53
What are the clinical manifestations of the following:
1) ^ serum bilirubin
2) ^ serum bile acids
3) malabsorption of fat
4) Malabsorption of ADK
5) ^ serum cholesterol
1) jaundice
2) pruritis
3) steatorrhea
4) hemorrhaging/ clotting disorders
5) Xanthomas
54
List the 6 Hepatotropic viruses with affinity for the liver.
Which cause acute hepatitis?
Which cause chronic hepatitis?
What is a mnemonic for how one of the viruses can be transmitted?
A, B, C, D, E, G
Vowels A, E- NEVER CHRONIC (except HepE in preggos)
Consonants B, C, D- CAN BE CHRONIC
Hep B transmitted via Blood, Birthing, Bonking
55
List 5 viral infections that are not specifically hepatotropic but can cause hepatitis:
- EBV, CMV, HSV
- Adenovirus (immunosuppressed, neonates)
- Yellow fever
I remember HAYCE viruses.
56
Which hepatitis virus is more often chronic than not?
Hepatitis C
- 80% get chronic disease
- 20% of ppl w chronic disease will develop cirrhosis
57
Describe the typical course of ACUTE viral hepatitis (what are the 4 stages of infection?):
- Weeks 1-2: Incubation (asx + most infectious towards end)
- 2 wks: Symptomatic Pre-Icteric (flu sx)
- 4 wks: Icteric (jaundice, dark urine, clay stool, HM), lasts 6 wks
- 6-8wks: Convalescence (less jaundice)
58
Describe the lab findings asstsd. with ACUTE viral hepatitis:
- ^ transaminases
- hyperbilirubinimia
- viral serology
59
Define CHRONIC viral hepatitis:
ANY evidence of continuing/ relapsing disease lasting LONGER than 6 mos
60
Describe the carrier state for viral hepatitis:
Harbor organism without signs or sx of infection; patient is a RESERVOIR for future infection
61
How is hepatocellular damage mediated in viral hepatitis?
Mediated by T CELL DEFENSE MECHANISM:
T cells activated in response to infected cells-->
Necroinflammatory activity + Apoptosis
62
HAV:
Family, Genus, Genome, Envelope?
How is the virus transmitted?
Family: Picornaviridae
Genus: Hepatovirus
(+) ssRNA, Naked
Fecal oral transmission (water, shellfish*)
63
Describe the differences in infection caused by Hep A in endemic developing countries vs. developed countries
Endemic countries: Poor sanitation; MILD CHILDHOOD disease (most have immune Abs by 10yoa)
Developed countries: No herd immunity; more SEVERE ELDERLY DISEASE
64
Describe the Ab response to Hep A infection; which Igs are made first? Which are made later?
Which can be directly detected?
Acute symptomatic infection--> ^ IgM
IgM declines over mos--> ^ IgG confers lifelong immunity to ALL STRAINS of Hep A
IgG CAN NOT be directly detected
65
When does fecal shedding of HAV occur?
- 2-3 weeks BEFORE jaundice
- 1 wk AFTER START jaundice
F/O or close contact with infected individuals during this time period is how infection spreads
66
How do we diagnose HepA infection? Is there a carrier state? De we biopsy the liver? How often do patients relapse infection?
- Hx of travel to endemic areas
- Exclude drug-induced disease (Acetaminophen OD)
- Do not biopsy liver
No chronic or carrier state, rarely relapse
67
HBV:
Family, genome, structure
Describe the 3 important antigens.
Hepadinaviridae
- Circular dsDNA
- Enveloped
- Carries DNA pol, reverse transcriptase
- Hbx protein = transcriptional activator
```
HbcAg = core antigen
HbsAg = surface/ envelope glycoprotein antigen
HbeAg = indicates infectivity
```
68
What is the dane particle?
Dane pareticles are small, sausage shaped surface antigens (virons) that infect hepatocytes
69
Describe the course of Ig production in HBV infection; which are made first and which are made later?
IgM made at first--> IgG made agains HbcAg after several mos infection
**Note IgM is always the first Ig made in response to infection :)
70
Describe how mode of HBV transmission is influenced by geography (high, medium, low prevalence regions)
- Vertical transmission (parturition) in ^ prevalence regions
- Horizontal transmission intermediate prevalence regions
- Sexual/ IV drug transmission in LOW prevalence regions
71
Describe the typical course of HBV disease.
How common is chronic disease and what risks does it pose?
Who is more likely to get chronic HBV infection?
How is infection cleared?
- Typically self limited, spontaneous resolution/ recovery
- Chronicity = RARE; ^ risk HCC
- Chronicity more likely in YOUNGER patients + immunocompromised (i.e. vertical transmission to baby)
**Patients will clear infection if CD4, CD8 cells make IFN-Y and clear infected cells (like all viral infections?) Failure = chronicity
72
Why is a complete cure to HBV difficult to attain?
| How do we treat disease?
Virus inserts itself into host DNA--> inhibits effective immune response via production of HbsAb--> infection persists
Only treatment is to slow infection and limit cirrhosis/ progression to HCC
73
HCV:
Family, genome, structure?
What accounts for the variety of HCV genotypes?
Flavaviridae
(+) ssRNA, enveloped, codes for 1 polyprotein that gets cleaved
*RNA-Pol has poorfidelity--> multiple genotypes and subtypes get made
74
Why is it difficult for us to develop a HCV vaccine!?
E2 envelope protein = target for anti-HCV Abs
* *E2 envelope protein is the MOST VARIABLE region of the genome sequence; thus it commonly escapes neutralizing Abs
* *^^ genomic instability/ antigenic variability = IMPOSSIBLE TO MAKE VACCINE
75
Why is there such a high rate of chronicity in HCV infection?
IgG made after HCV infection DOES NOT confer immunity (high genomic instability of HCV)--> recurrent reactivation of preexisting infection/ emergence of mutated strain are common events
76
What are the two most common means if HCV infection in the US?
How common are transfusion related infections?
Are you more likely to get HCV or HIV from needle stick?
What % HCV infections are perinatally transmitted?
```
#1 = IV drug use
#2= (Unprotected) sexual promiscuity
```
- Transfusion associated infections ~ 0 bc good screening
- More likely to get HCV than HIV from a needle stick
- Perinatal infection accounts for 6% HCV (vs. 20% HBV)
77
Describe the clinical course of HCV infection; how severe is the clinical course?
4-26 wks Incubation (asx)-->
HCV RNA in blood + ^AST/ ^ALT for 1-3wks-->
Chronic hepatitis--> 20% Cirrhotic
78
How is HCV treated?
Which viral genotypes respond best to treatment?
Which host genotypes respond best to treatment?
- Pegylated IFN-a
- Ribavirin
Viral genotypes 2, 3 = Best
Host genotype IL28B (IF-lambda) = Best
**Rx QUESTION; make sure you know which IFNs are use to treat which things i.e. "a" for viruses like HCV "b" for MS, etc. I'm sure you know but this was just a friendly reminder**
**Yes, I remember, Inf-BETA treats the BRAIN in MS. B for Brain, which means A is NOT the brain, it is the virus one. And gamma is for random shit**
79
What is an absolute requirement for HDV infection?
HBV infection!
80
Describe the course of HDV infection; how about confection w HBV?
How can you get an HDV superinfection?
- Typically self limited EXCEPT in IV drug abusers (ACUTE LIVER FAILURE)
- HBV confections are typically ACUTE and self limited
HDV SUPERINFECTION results when patient carries HBV and gets infected with HDV 30-50 days later--> SEVERE ACUTE HEPATITIS
81
Describe the HDV genome.
How does the virus replicate?
What is the antigenic target for the host's immune system?
- ssRNA genome replicates using HOST RNA-pol
| - Delta Antigen (HDAg) targeted by host immune system (there is a small and a large)
82
Where is HEV epidemic?
Where are the more more HEV than HAV cases?
Where is HEV harbored in developed countries?
Which population is exceptionally vulnerable to HEV infection?
Epidemic in Asia, Africa, ME, Mexico
India has more HEV than HAV
Developed countries harbor HEV on pig farms
**PREGGOS GET HEV REALLY BAD!
83
```
HEV:
Family, genome
When are the virons shed?
What do the labs look like during clinical infection?
Describe the clinical course?
```
Hepeviridae; (+)ssRNA
- Virons shed detectible in stool + serum prior to sx; shed throughout acute illness
- Labs: ^AST/ALT + IgM Anti-HEV
- Self limited infection lasts 4-6wks
84
How is a liver biopsy different based on different causes of hepatitis?
It isn't; liver biopsies are the same whether hepatitis is viral, autoimmune, or drug induced
**Need clinical hx to dx cause
EXCEPT PLEASE NOTE: SHE DOES WRITE THIS, BUT BECAUSE SHE IS AN ACTUAL BITCH......
-Per Basem: "In her review, she stated, you should look at robbins/ be able to differentiate Hep B and C on histo." (He posted a picture of this to FB if you do not have robins/ cannot find it online.)
85
What are the uses for liver biopsy? (4)
- confirm dx
- exclude simultaneous conditions (i.e. drug induced)
- extent of inflammation, injury, fibrosis
- monitor treatment effectiveness
86
Ground glass pattern hepatitis is associated with which cause?
HBV
87
What infectious agent will cause hepatitis with cowry bodies?
HSV hepatitis (bc cowry's are HSV)
88
What kind of hepatitis will cause apoptotic bodies?
Viral causes of hepatitis will yield apoptotic bodies
89
```
Define autoimmune hepatitis.
What are the typical lab findings associated with this disease?
What is found on liver biopsy?
What is the definitive Dx?
Is there a good treatment?
What is the prognosis of disease?
```
Idiopathic CHRONIC, progressive autoimmune attack of hepatocytes
- ^ AST, ALT + serum autoAbs, polyclonal serum Igs
- NECROINFLAMFMATION on liver biopsy
- Definitive dx = BIOPSY
- Excellent response to immunosuppressants
- WILL DIE WITHOUT TREATMENT
90
Which population has the highest incidence of autoimmune hepatitis?
With northern european females (but really anyone can get it)
91
What is Type 1 autoimmune hepatitis? Who gets it? What are the serologic markers (2)?
Type I autoimmune hepatitis is found in middle aged/ older adults in the US
- ANA
- ASMA (anti-smooth muscle Ab)
92
What is Type 2 autoimmune hepatitis? Who gets it? What are the serologic markers (1)?
Type II autoimmune hepatitis is found in KIDS + TEENS in southern europe
- Anti-LKM-1 (attacks CYP-2D6 on plasma mb of cell)
93
Describe the three potential etiologies behind autoimmune hepatitis:
- idiopathic
- environmental trigger (drug/ infection)
- genetic predisposition (HLA association established)
94
What are the three ways that autoimmune hepatitis might present?
- Asymptomatic incidental finding
- Asstd. w other autoimmune diseases
- Acute hepatitis w/ flu like sx
- Fulminant Hepatitis w. encephalopathy
- Overlap syndrome (AIH-PBC, AIH-PSH) w biliary disease
- Cirrhosis
95
Describe the course of treatment for AIH:
Immunosuppression with prednisone or asothioprin; type 2 non responders may dry different treatments
50% will relapse on treatment withdrawal, therefore treatment is a life-long process
Patients may require transplant (20% transplant recipients recur)
96
What are Xenobiotics and how are they relevant to the liver?
These are therapeutic agents and environmental toxins that are metabolized in the liver via immune mechanisms (possibly to toxic compounds)
Can cause cholestasis--> fulminant hepatitis
97
How do we identify if liver injury is associated with xenobiotics? (2)
- temporal association w exposure and injury
| - recovery upon withdrawal of the agent
98
Describe the histo changes and liver injury caused by OCPs (2 potential problems):
Cholestatic injury OR Vascular lesions
Cholestatic Injury: Bland hepatocellular cholestasis without inflammation (feathery degeneration)
Vascular lesions: Budd chirari syndrome, pelliosis hepatitis (blood filled cavities WITHOUT endothelial lining)
99
Describe the histo chances and liver injury caused by acetaminophen toxicity:
- Hepatocellular necrosis
| - Spotty necrosis, massive necrosis, or chronic hepatitis changes
100
Describe how MTX can hurt the liver (histo and type of injury):
- Fatty liver disease OR fibrosis/cirrhosis
| - FLD: large + small droplets fat seen on histo
101
Describe the histo changes and liver injury associated with ETOH abuse?
Fatty liver disease
- Large/ small fat droplets OR...
- Steatohepatitis with Mallory-Denk bodies
102
Which two xenotoxins are capable of causing fibrosis and cirrhosis? How does this look on histo?
Alcohol (not necessarily just ETOH, but "Alcohol") and MTX
| - Periportal + pericellular fibrosis
103
OCPs can cause what hepatic neoplasm?
hepatic adenoma
104
Alcohol can cause what hepatic neoplasms? (2)
- hepatocellular carcinoma
| - cholangiocarcinoma
105
What is meant by predictable vs. unpredictable hepatic injury by xenotoxins?
What are two agents that can cause unpredictable injury?
What is one agent that can cause a predictable injury?
Predictable
- Dose dependent changes i.e. acetaminophen toxicity
Unpredictable/ Idiosyncratic
- Immune mediated destruction
- Direct cytotoxicity (Chlorpromazine, Halothane**)
106
How common is acetaminophen OD? How many people die each year?
#1 cause acute liver failure in US today; 500 die each year; transplant is typically required
107
Define Alcoholic liver disease.
| Describe the three forms of liver injury it can cause.
Excessive ETOH consumption over long period--> liver changes
1. steatosis (fatty change)
2. Alcoholic Seato-Hepatitis (necroinflammatiory change)
3. Steatofibrosis (cirrhotic change)
108
Which is more common, micro or macrovasicular steatosis?
macro
109
Describe the gross appearance of a liver with steatosis.
| Can this be reversed? Describe the pathogenesis of this fatty change.
Enlarged, soft and greasy on sectioning + micro/macrovesicular change
Reversible with abstinence
Pathogenesis:
^^ lipid synthesis--> abnormal lipoproteins--> ^^ peripheral fat catabolism
110
What three things do we look for histologically in steatoHEPATITIS?
- fat cells
- inflammation
- necrosis
111
What are mallory denk bodies?
| With what disease state are they associated?
- ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS
| - Think eosinophilic inclusion (cytokeratin filaments) seen in hepatocytes
112
What is the neutrophilic reaction seen in alcoholic hepatitis?
Neutrophilic infiltrate in areas of hepatic necrosis--> ^ ROS
113
How many grams ETOH are required to incite mild fatty change in men? women?
```
men = 80gms/ day
women = 20gms/ day
```
Leah gets this on vacation; I get this on weekends when Jeff visits
114
Who is more susceptible to alcoholic liver disease, men or women? Why (3)
Which ethnic groups are more susceptible? (1)
Which ethnic group is associated with ALDH2 polymorphism? (1)
Women ^^ susceptible
- ^ body fat
- less ALD
- ^^estrogen, ^^LPS receptor K cells)
AA drinkers more likely to get cirrhosis
Asians have ALDH2 (^^acetaldehyde)
115
What are two factors that are synergistic with ETOH that can cause WORSE liver disease?
- Fe overload
| - HCV, HBV infections
116
How does alcohol mediate hepatic damage (2)
- Steatosis
| - Mitochondrial injury (oxidative stress, hypoxia) --> this is why ^^AST
117
What are three results of hepatocellular steatosis?
- ^ reduced NADH--> ^ lipogenesis, LESS FFA oxidation-->
^ Lipoproteins (shunt substrate to lipid synth pway)
- impaired lipoprotein synthesis
- increased peripheral fat catabolism--> ^FFA
118
What does a cirrhotic liver look like grossly and on histo?
Small, nodular, firm
| Histo: nodules of hepatocytes surrounded by fibrous bands
119
Hepatic Steatosis:
- Gross appearance?
- Lab findings?
Hepatomegaly
| ^ bilirubin, ^ ALP
120
Alcoholic Hepatitis:
- How long does it take to get this? Clinical findings?
- What are the associated lab findings?
- 15-20 years drinking OR binge
- Malaise, weight loss etc. possible acute cholestatic syndrome
- ^ bilirubin, ^ALP, ^Neutros, ^AST/ALT ratio (over 2/1)
A*S*T is high because alcoholics get SAUCED.
121
Alcoholic Cirrhosis:
What are the complications?
How does it present clinically?
What are the associated lab findings?
Portal HTN + malnutrition, etc.
- Malaise, weakness, anorexia + jaundice/ ascites
- ^AST/ALT, ^bilirubin, +/- ^ALP, anemia, low proteins
Note: 20% cirrhotics have other disease w clinically silent cirrhosis
122
What is the major histo finding associated with liver cirrhosis of any kind?
FIBROSIS. FIBROSIS. FIBROSIS.
**This indicates progressive injury no matter what
123
Describe the histo of alcoholic (or any) liver cirrhosis:
Activated stellate cells in centrilobular sinusoids, perisinusoidal and pericellular fibrosis
124
What are the possible sequelae of alcoholic cirrhosis? (5)
Death/ coma, bleeding, sepsis, hepatorenal syndrome, HCC
125
What is nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)?
How does this differ from nonalcoholic fatty liver cirrhosis (NAFLC)?
What type of cancer is associated with this spectrum of diseases?
```
#1 LIVER CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE IN THE US
Associated with DM2, obesity; essentially same changes seen in alcoholic fatty liver disease w.o hx ETOH abuse
```
```
NAFLC is a more progressive form of NAFLD
#1 CAUSE ^ LIVER ENZYMES IN THE US
```
***Associated with HCC
126
What is the gold standard for dx of NAFLD?
What would you see on imaging?
How do we grade/ stage the disease?
Liver biopsy = gold standard
Fat accumulation in liver seen on biopsy
```
Grade = inflammation, necrosis, steatosis
STAGE = FIBROSIS (cirrhosis @ this point)
```
127
Hepatic Steatosis of any kind is defined as..
MORE THAN 5% fat cells in liver parenchyma + ^ enzymes
| WITHOUT inflammation, cell death, fibrosis
128
Describe the clinical and lab findings associated with NAFLD:
Clinical: HM, fatigue RUQ pain w.o hx ETOH abuse
Labs: ^ALT, ^ALP, AST/ALT ratio LESS THAN 1
129
What are the first and second hits in the two hit model of NAFLD development?
Hit 1: Insulin resistance --> Hepatic steatosis
| Hit 2: Hepatocellular oxidative injury/ necrosis/ inflammation --> NAFLD
130
Describe the pathogenesis of NAFLD; what are the two cytokines important to this process?
Immune Mediated
^ dysfunctional visceral fat + LOW adiponectin-->
^ TNF-a, ^IL-6--> Fat apoptosis--> ROS--> mitochondrial, cell membrane damage
131
What is cryptogenic cirrhosis?
90% fatty liver (Burned out NAFLD)
132
Describe the findings in pediatric NAFLD; what is the biggest danger for these kids?
- MORE diffuse steatosis
- MORE portal fibrosis
- MONONUCLEAR infiltrate in portal and lobule (vs neutros in adult)
**Kids have ^ risk HCC
133
Describe the cycle of bilirubin synthesis and transport; what are the major events and enzymes involved?
Where do they take place?
Spleen MQs:
Heme--> Biliverdin --> Unconjugated Bilirubin
**Heme Oxygenase**
**Biliverdin reductase**
Unconjugated Billirubin/ Albumin in plasma
Liver:
Unconjugated Billirubin--> Conjugated Bilirubin
**UDPGT**
134
IMPORTANT: Enzyme responsible for conjugating bilirubin in the liver?
Glycuronyl Bilirubin Transferase (UDPGT)
135
Which infants are more susceptible to physiological jaundice?
What type of jaundice is this?
What are 4 features of infant physiology that make this likely to happen?
How do we treat it and by when does it typically subside?
- More common in preterm infants
- Unconjugated hyperbilly
Causes:
- immature liver (low UDPG + ligandin)
- Shorter RBC lifespan
- HIGHER RBC mass
- Birth trauma
Treat with blue lamp (H2O soluble Z isomers); should reside in 14-21 days
136
What is breastmilk jaundice and why dose it happen? How long does it last and and how is it treated?
Breastmilk has B-glucuronidase (deconjugates bilirubin); will last longer than physiological jaundice
Discontinue breast feeding to treat
137
What is the ultimate danger associated with neonatal hyperbilirubinemia?
KERNICTERUS: Unconjugated bilirubine crosses BBB and is toxic to basal ganglia
138
Two conditions that ^ risk of Hyperbilirubinemia and kernicterus?
- G6PD deficiency
| - Hereditary Spherocytosis
139
Which gene encodes UDPGT?
| What happens when it is mutated?
UGT1A1 Gene encodes UDPGT, the enzyme responsible for conjugating bilirubin with mono/ diglucuronides
Mutation results in hereditary hyperbilirubinemias
140
```
Crigler Najjar I vs. Crigler Najjar II
What happens in these diseases?
Which is more severe?
What are the inheritance patterns of each?
How are they diagnosed?
```
UGT1A1 mutation--> UDGPT deficiency--> Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia
Crigler Najjar I (AR)
- More severe; presents in infancy w kernicterus, lose vision and hearing, hypotonia
- Fatal without transplant + lifelong photoTX
Crigler Najjar II (AD, but FA says AR...)
- Incomplete UDPGT deficiency
- Mild jaundice, not fatal
- **Treat with phenobarbital (via FA)
Diagnose with liver biopsy
141
Dubin Johnson Syndrome:
What is the inheritance pattern for this disease and what gene is mutated?
How does the disease manifest? Describe gross path changes***?
AR
- Mutated MRP2: codes for protein that transports conjugated billirubin to the canaliculi
- Results in benign relapsing CONJUGATED hyperbilirubinemia
***LIVER TURNS BLACK!!! Melanin infiltrate***
Dublin is Ireland. Irish people drink BLACK BEER--> BLACK LIVER
142
Gilbert Syndrome:
| Inheritance pattern; lab findings; clinical findings
AR condition causing asymptomatic/ mild (unconjugated) jaundice w stress
- No clinical consequences; no treatment needed
143
Define Cholestasis:
Impaired bile formation/ secretion/ flow (extra or intra hepatic)--> Accumulation of bile pigment in hepatic parenchyma
144
Describe the clinical manifestations of cholestasis?
What happens to the skin and GI tract?
What do lab tests indicate?
Skin problems: Jaundice, xanthomas, puritis
GI: Intestinal malabsorption
Labs: ^ALP, ^GGT
145
What are some of the causes of a large bile duct obstruction?
- Gall stones
- Malignancies of the biliary tree or **HEAD OF THE PANCREAS**
- Strictures from surgery
146
What are the surgical treatments for jaundice caused by cholestasis?
Intrahepatic: Transplant ONLY
Extrahepatic: Surgical correction to reverse obstruction (prevent billiard cirrhosis)
147
Ascending Cholangitis:
Describe the condition and clinical manifestations.
What is one morphological obstruction that can lead to this disease?
Intermittent instruction of canalliculi or duct (ball in valve, stricture, etc)--> secondary bacterial infection (enterococci from gut) --> fever, chills, URQ pain, jaundice
148
What is suppurative cholangitis?
This is really bad ascending cholangitis with pus in the bile ducts --> may cause SEPSIS
149
Which organisms are most likely to cause sepsis associated cholestasis?
What are the two types of sepsis associated cholestsiasis?
Which is associated with septic shock?
Gram (-) organisms--> this is cholestasis SECONDARY to septicemia
- Canalicular cholestasis
- Ductular cholestasis **Septic shock** (Duck when you're in shock!)
150
Three important histo findings associated with canalicular cholestasis:
- Centrilobular canalicular BILE PLUGS
- KUPFFER CELL ACTIVATION
- MILD PORTAL INFLAMMATION
151
Two important findings associated with ductular cholestasis:
- dilated canals of hiring + bile ductules
- bile plugs
* *Worse pathologically than canalicular cholestasis
* *Assocated with septic SHOCK
152
What defines neonatal cholestasis?
| What are two potential causes of this disease?
- CONJUGATED hyperbilirubinemia w jaundice LONGER than 14-21 days
- Associated with neonatal hepatitis and cholangiopathies (biliary atresia)
153
Neonatal hepatitis:
| What are the 4 etiologies? Describe what happens.
Metabolic, toxic, infectious, idiopathic--> injury to immature bile secretion and synth pways--> decompensation + hepatitis
154
How many cases of neonatal hepatitis require a biopsy to diagnose? What will you see on the biopsy (4)?
Most diagnosised clinically (wo biopsy)
Histo:
- GIANT CELL TRANSFORMATION
- Necrosis w/ neutros
- apoptotic acidophilic bodies
- extra medullary hematopoiesis
155
Describe giant cell transformation; which which type of hepatitis is it associated?
Unique response of young lifer to injury in NEONATAL hepatitis
Mitotic inhibition + dissolution cell membranes--> giant cells
156
What is biliary atresia?
| How does it present in the little babies?
Complete/ partial obstruction of EXTRAHEPATIC biliary tree in 1st 3 mos
- 30% all neonatal cholestatic cases
- Asx w. jaundice, dark urine, pale stool
157
What are the two etiologies of biliary atresia and which is most common?
1) Fetal/ embryonal- intrauterine development problem (asstd. w other situs inverts, etc)
* *MC**
2) Perinatal- asstd. with insult @ birth i.e. viral infection
158
What are the histopathological changes associated with biliary atresia? (3)
- inflammation--> fibrosis + strictures in hepatic/ common bile duct
- enlarged, dark green liver
- micro nodular cirrhosis
159
What are the two treatments for biliary atresia?
Surgery (Kasai procedure bypasses atretic ducts) or transplant
160
What is the difference between primary and secondary hemochromatosis?
Primary:
(AR) HFE gene mutation--> Fe overload
```
Secondary:
Known insult (^ transfusions, ineffective erythropoiesis, excess intake)--> Fe overload
```
161
What is HFE hemochromatosis?
| What is the genetic mutation involved?
```
Chrom 6 C282Y mutation on HFE gene (cystine--> tyrosine)-->
Hepcidin deficiency (Liver Fe hormone)-->
^ Fe absorption of intestinal Fe -->
^ Fe released into bloodstream, deposited in tissues
```
162
How much storage Fe must be accumulated before deposition in parenchymal tissues takes place during hemochromatosis?
20g
163
What is the clinical triad associated with hereditary hemochromatosis?
Triad (May develop late):
- Micronodular cirrhosis (HM)
- DM (pancreatic damage)
- Bronze/ slate gray pigment of skin (^ melanin)
Also:
- dilated cardiomyopathy + arrhythmia,
- pituitary/ adrenal/ thyroid/ parathyroid
- joints (pseudo gout)
164
How is Hereditary hemochromatosis diagnosed w liver biopsy (2)? How else?
- Stainable Fe in periportal hepatocytes w prussian blue
- hepatic iron index (HII) +/= 1.9
- genetic testing is confirmatory
**Should also check serum Fe, ferritin, total fe binding capacity
165
What are the two most common causes of death for patients with Hereditary hemochromatosis?
For which cancer are they at increased risk?
Cirrhosis, Heart failure = most common causes of death
| ^ risk HCC
166
What is the typical treatment for patients with hereditary hemochromatosis?
- repeated phlebotomy
| - chelation w deferasirox, deferoxamine, oral deferiprone
167
List come causes of secondary hemochromatosis (these may be intuitive, just read don't memorize)
- transfusions
- thalassemia
- ineffective EPOsis
- chronic liver disease, cirrhosis's
- ^ Fe intake
168
What is the mutation that causes wilson's disease?
| What happens as a result of this mutation?
(AR) ATP7B mutation **Hepatocyte Cu-Transporting ATPase** -->
Impaired Cu excretion into bile (not incorporated into ceruloplasmin)-->
Toxic levels of Cu in eye, brain, liver
169
How does wilson's disease present clinically? How do we diagnose it?
Clinical:
- **Liver changes resemble viral hepatitis + fatty change**
- Depression/ Bx changes
- Asymmetrical tremor, ataxia, ^ salvation,
- *****KAISER FLEISCHER RINGS around IRIS *****
Dx:
- No genetic testing
- Do liver biopsy (^^^ Cu)
- Labs: ^ urinary Cu, LOW serum ceruloplasmin
170
At what age does Wilson's disease typically present; what implications does this have for accurate diagnosis?
- presents in teens/ 20s with neuropsych sx.
| - commonly misdiagnosed as schizophrenia
171
Which parts of the brain does Wilson's disease damage?
- lenticular nucleus (basal ganglia)
172
How do we treat wilson's disease?
Cu chelation w penicillamine, trientine, oral zinc
173
How does a-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency manifest in the liver?
| What is the inheritance pattern + mutation that cause this disease?
```
(AR) SERPINA1 mutation on chrom 14-->
Deficient AAT (due to defective Pi migration from ER to golgi)-->
Unrestricted protease activity in lung + accumulation of A1AT-Z in liver
**Liver has PAS (+) intracytoplasmic lesions
```
174
What are the three genotypes associated with a-1AT Deficiency?
PiMM- wild type, normal
PiZZ- diseased
PiMZ- codominant intermediate
175
What are the 3 clinical presentations associated with PiZZ genotype a-1 Antitrypsin deficiency patients?
Which cancer are these patients at increased risk of developing?
- neonatal liver disease (hepatitis, cholestasis, fibrosis)
- chronic hepatitis--> childhood/ adult cirrhosis
- ^^ HCC
176
What are the pathological changes that take place in a liver w/ a-1 ATD?
PAS-D (+) globules, +/- mallory bodies, steatosis
177
Define primary biliary cirrhosis.
| Who most commonly gets this disease?
Autoimmune attack of medium sized intrahepatic bile ducts--> chronic fatal cholicstatic liver disease
Most common in women; often co-presents with other autoimmune disease
178
What are the clinical manifestations/ lab findings associated with primary biliary cirrhosis?
- May be asx or present with biliary cirrhosis's
| - ^ ALP
179
Describe the stages of Primary Biliary Cirrhosis (4):
Portal: Portal Inflammation, BD damage,
**florid duct lesion**
Peripheral: Periportal inflammation, ductular proliferation , fibrosis
Septal: Bridging fibrosis, ductopenia
Cirrhosis: Biliary cirrhosis
180
Describe the Lab findings associated with primary biliary cirrhosis.
What is the autoAb associated with this disease?
- ^ALP, ^ GGT
| - **ANTIMITOCHONDRIAL AbS***
181
How do we treat primary biliary cirrhosis?
Treat with ursodiol or transplant in advanced disease
182
What is secondary biliary cirrhosis?
Prolonged obstruction of EXTRAHEPATIC biliary tree--> fibrosis--> cirrhosis
183
Define primary sclerosing cholangitis;
| ***With what disease does this commonly co-present?
Autoimmune disease--> Inflammation/ fibrosis --> obliterates intrahepatic + extra hepatic bile ducts up to ampulla of vater w/ DILATION (BEADING on Imaging) of preserved segments
***COMMONLY COEXISTS WITH ULCERATIVE COLITIS***
P-ANCA (+)
184
Describe the histo-path and lab findings associated with primary sclerosing cholangitis:
What infiltrate is found in the stroma?
Describe the fibrotic changes.
What will we find in circulation?
On imaging?
Histo Path:
- T cell infiltrate in stroma (Activated in GI tract--> X-rxn with bile ducts)
- ONION SKINNING periductal fibrosis
Labs/ Imaging:
- circulating auto-Abs, P-ANCA
- BEADED appearance of dilated spared segments on imaging
185
What are the clinical manifestations of primary scleroscing cholangitis?
- Typical cholestatic symptoms (jaundice, puritis)
- Persistent asx ^ ALP
- Chronic liver disease
- Encephalopathy
186
What are the risks associated with primary sclerosisng cholangitis? (2 cancer, 2 other)
How do we treat this disease?
- HCC , Cholangiosarcoma
- Chronic Pancreatitis
- Autoimmune pancreatitis w/ ^ IgG4
Treat with transplant; give cholestyramine for puritis
187
Is the gallbladder necessary for biliary function?
No! It stores, concentrates and adds mucus to bile but obviously, due to the high incidence of cholecystectomy, patients can live without their gallbladders...
188
Cholelithiasis: define the term?
How common is this??
Define the two types of cholelithiasis.
- Gallstones! Accounts for 95% of biliary disease...
| - Can be cholesterol stones or pigment stones
189
```
Where do we find cholesertol stones?
What do they look like?
What type of crystals do they have?
Do they show up on imaging?
What population gets a lot of these?
```
- ONLY found in gallbladder; crystalline, glistening
- Can be pure cholesterol or complexed with Ca carbonate, PO4, bilirubin
- Pure cholesterol stones = radiolucent
- Common in Native Americans
190
How is cholesterol solubilized (2)?
| Describe how/ when stones form?
Cholesterol + bile salts or lecithins--> Solubilized
**via Aggregn**
When concentration is supersaturated cholesterol binds monohydrate crystals--> becomes STONE!
191
List 4 circumstances that can facilitate cholesterol stone formation:
- supersaturation of bile w/ cholesterol
- hypermobile gallbladder (dyskinesia)
- accelerated cholesterol nucleation
- hyper secretion of mucus (traps nucleated crystals in GB)
192
Where are are pigment stones most common?
| What causes pigment stones (3 disease states)--what are they composed of?
- More common in nonwestern countries
- Composed of unconjugated billirubin + insoluble Ca salts
Associated with three disease states:
- chronic hemolysis
- severe ileal dysfunction/ bypass
- bacterial/ parasitic infection of biliary tree
193
Which infections can cause the formation of pigmented stones (3)?
Is unconjugated bilirubin normal in bile?
- E coli
- Ascaris lumbricoides
- Chlonorchis sinensis
Unconjugated bilirubin is normal in bile
194
What is biliary colic?
| Describe the sensation--what does it feel like, what two things make it worse?
Pain asstd with gall stone; note that they may be asx...
- Constant, excruciating pain in RUQ +/- radiation to shoulder/ back
- Worse with fatty meal
- Increased as stone moves through GB outlet
195
What is cholecystitis?
Inflammation of the gall bladder; may be associated with stones; painful
196
What are 6 complications associated with gallstones?
- empyema (pus)
- perforation
- fistula
- obstructive cholestasis
- cholangitis
- pancreatitis
197
What is the most common cause of acute cholecystitis?
| This is the #1 cause of two things; what are they?
- #1 cause = stone obstructing neck/ cystic duct
- #1 impromptu complication asstd. with gall stones
- #1 reason for emergency cholecystectomy
**This can occur in severely ill patients without stones as well
198
How do acalculus and calculus ACUTE cholecystitis differ in appearance?
What do we see grossly?
How does appearance differ b/w mild and severe cases?
- No difference b/w calculus and calculus cholecystasis in gross appearance (excepts stones, obvious)
Gross appearance:
- Serosa w fibrinous exudate
- Lumen =cloudy bile (pus/ fibrin/blood), +/- stones
- Empyema
- Mild = thick, edematous, hyperemic wall
- Severe = granuloma, perforation
199
Describe the clinical presentation of acute cholecystitis:
- RUQ, epigastric pain LONGER than 6 hrs
- fever, tacky, sweating n/v
- +/- jaundice (if common bile duct obstructed)
200
Describe lab findings associated with acute cholecystitis (2)
How is it treated?
Labs: mildly ^ ALP, leukocytosis
Tx: sudden onset may be surgical emergency; may be mild sx that subside within 1 week
201
How does one develop chronic cholecystitis?
90% are associated with what
How does it present clinically?
- may or may not be associated with repeat acute attacks
- 90% associated with stones
Clinical presentation more mild than acute' n/v/ intolerance to fatty food
202
Are there differences in histological appearance between calculus/ acalculous asstd. chronic cholecystitis?
What is the most likely cause?
1/3 asstd. with what pathogen?
- no histo differences between calculus and calculus
- likely due to long term stones + low grade chronic inflammation
- 1/3 test (+) for e. coli
203
What do we see path/ histo wise with chronic cholecystitis?
- subserosal fibrosis
- gray-white wall
- green- yellow lumen w mucoid bile +/- stones
- chronic inflammation w lymphoid follicles
- **Rokitansky- Aschoff sinuses** (mucosa herniated into muscle layer)
204
What causes the "porcelain gallbladder" associated with chronic cholecystitis?
What risks does this impose?
- dystrophic calcification
| - ^^ risk cancer
205
List some of the complications associated with cholecystitis (acute OR chronic) (5)
- Bacterial superinfection--> cholangitis/sepsis
- GB Perforation--> abscess
- GB Rupture--> peritonitis
- GB/ enteric fistula--> gall stone ileus
- Exacerbation of other medical conditions
206
Describe the typical age and sex of a patient with cholelithiasis?
What medications may put patients at risk for cholelithiasis? (1)
What are some Hereditary/ acquired disorders that put patients at risk for cholelithiasis? (2)
- Middle aged females= MC
- OCPs--> ^ Estrogen--> ^HMG CoA Reductase activity --> ^ cholesterol stones
- GB stasis, ^ # ATP transporters will ^^^ risk gall stones
207
What are Von Meyenberg Complexes?
| With what two hereditary diseases are they associated?
Hamartomas of ductal structures in hyalinized stroma within the biliary tree
- PCKD
- PCLD (isolated polycystic liver disease)
208
What is one common finding associated with PCKD/ PCLD?
Congenital hepatic fibrosis
209
Define Caroli's disease and syndrome--what is the inheritance pattern?
(AR) Congenital, non-obstructive, segmental DILATION of intrahepatic bile ducts
- isolated finding = disease
- + congenital hepatic fibrosis = syndrome
210
Describe the clinical presentation of a patient with Caroli's disease.
- Late childhood/ early adulthood onset
- recurrent fever/ pain/ jaundice
- cholangitits sx. / labs
211
Describe the histo changes associated with caroli disease (2); for what are these patients at ^ risk?
- cholangitis w concretion + debris
- sub capsular dilated bile ducts
- ^ risk cholangiosarcoma
212
Alagille Syndrome:
What is the inheritance pattern and associated mutation?
Describe the clinical presentation of this disease and what is seen on biopsy/ labs? (3)
(AD) Mutations in JAG1 --> low # of interlobular bile ducts
Patients present within 1st 5 yrs of life w/ chronic cholestasis, pruritis, xanthomas
Labs:
- conjugated hyperbilirubimemia
- ^ GGT, ^ ALP
- hyperlipidemia
213
Describe some of the sequelae associate with Alagille Syndrome.
What is the definitive treatment?
- malabsorption of fat soluble vitamins etc leads to malnutrition asstd sequelae
- peripheral pulm artery stenosis, vertebral arch defect, hyperbolic facies = other findings
Transplant is only treatment
214
What are some of the causes of hepatic artery compromise and impaired blood flow into the liver? What are the sequelae?
Caused by arteritis, aneurysms, thrombi/emboli/ surgical ligation, occlusion of portal vein branch-->
Leads to coagulative necrosis, inflammation, hyperemic boarders (like all coag. necrosis infarcts)
215
What is a hepatic infarct of Zahn? What are the sequelae
Acute thrombosis in small intrahepatic portal veins (impaired flow INTO liver)
Atrophy, hemostasis w/o necrosis
216
What can cause impaired blood flow WITHIN the liver?
How will these phenomena present?
Cirrhosis--> Portal HTN, portal vein obstruction/ thrombosis
Presents with abdominal pain, esophageal varacies...
217
Describe how blood flow is shunted during liver cirrhosis.
| What are the 3 locations in which varicosities develop?
Portal venous system (^ pressure)--> collaterals--> IVC
- Lower 1/3 esophagus
- Umbilicus
- Rectosigmoid
218
What happens to the liver as a result of right sided cardiac decompensation?
- Passive congestion of liver + centrilobular sinusoids
| - Atrophy of liver cell plates
219
What happens to the liver as a result of let sided cardiac decompensation?
Injury due to decreased perfusion:
- centrilobular necrosis
- ischemic coagulative necrosis
220
What is Peliosis Hepatis?
| How do they present?
Blood-filled cysts with incomplete endothelial lining form in the liber --typically asx, but can rupture or cause hepatic failure
221
What are some potential causes of peliosis hepatis?
- corticosteroids, anabolic steroids, OC, danazol
- toxins, MTX, thorotrast
- bartonella henselae, AIDS
- hairy cell leukemia
222
What is Budd Chirari Syndrome!?
| How does it present?
Blood can't LEAVE liver!
Thrombosis of 2+ major hepatic veins (western) or IVC (developing countries) --> blocked outflow tract--> ^ intrahepatic pressure
Presents with HSM, pain, ascites, ankle edema
223
What are some of the potential causes or Budd Chirari Syndrome?
How do we treat it?
Caused by ^ tendency to coagulation:
OCPs, myeloprolif. disorders, coagulopahties, preggos...
Treat with anticoag / thrombolytics, angioplasty, TIPS + treat varicies
224
Wha happens in sinusoidal obstruction syndrome?
```
Toxic injury (i.e. ^ dose chemo) to liver-->
sloughing of vascular endothelium--> obstruction of sinusoidal blood flow--> proliferation of perisinusoidal stellate cells/ fibrin + ECM deposition-->
fibrotic occlusion of small hepatic vv's --> FATAL
```
225
What are some of the potential causes of sinusoidal obstruction syndrome?
Do we biopsy this?
Herbal tea, pyrrolizidine alkaloids, chemo agents, BM transplant
Do not biopsy this; clinical dx.
226
How do we treat sinusoidal obstruction syndrome?
Admin anticoag and control fibrin deposition with TPA, etc. --still fatal 50% of the time
227
What are the two tumor like lesions that occur in the liver?
- focal nodular hyperplasia
| - nodular regenerative hyperplasia
228
What is focal nodular hyperplasia and in wha population does it typically arise?
Vascular malformation of AV anastomoses w localized overgrowth of liver components
Typically 20-40yo woman; may be asstd. with OCPs
229
What do we see (gross) pathologically its focal nodular hyperplasia?
- UNDER 5cm
| - well circumscribed; central stellate scar w blood vessels
230
What is nodular regenerative hyperplasia?
With what is it associated clinically?
What are the asstd. lab findings?
Heterogenous microcirculation: Obliteration of small portal vv's + arterialization-->
Liver full of multiple small nodules WITHOUT fibrous septae between
Clinically associated with many AI disorders + PV, CGD, etc.
Will see mildly ^ ALP + GGT
231
What is a hepatocellular adenoma? What do they look like?
In which population do these tumors most commonly occur?
With what are they associated?
Benign tumor of hepatocyte; well circumscribed, pale yellow-tan sheets/ cords of NORMAL liver cells (can occur in mult.)
- MC in young women on OCPS
- Also men on androgen tx.
232
What are two risks asstd with hepatocellular adenomas?
- rupture during preggos
| - transformation into HCC (MC in glycogen storage disease)
233
What is the most common benign tumor of the liver?
| Describe its characteristics
Cavernous hemangioma
- Discrete sub capsular blue-red, soft, vascular lesion UNDER 2 cm
- B/w 2 communicating dilated vascular spaces
234
In which patient population do cavernous hemangiomas typically occur?
What are the clinical manifestations?
Middle aged females; typically incidental finding but may present with abdominal pain or spontaneous rupture (both rare)
235
What is Kasabach Merritt syndrome?
With which tumor is this syndrome associated?
How is it diagnosed?
Associated with cavernous hemangioma; dx w imaging
- Microangiopathic anemia
- Consumption coagulopathy
- Erythrocytosis (due to ^ EPO)
236
What is the most common primary liver tumor in adults?
Describe the nature of this tumor.
With what is this tumor commonly associated?
HCC
- Malignant tumor of hepatocytes
- Commonly asstd with cirrhosis
237
Where is HCC most common?
More common in developing areas (asia, africa, etc.) where HBV, HCV are high
238
Review 6 predisposing factors to HCC.
- alcoholic/ nonalcoholic cirrhosis
- hemochromatosis
- PBC; AIH; ***Aflatoxin***
- obesity related fatty liver disease
239
How does HCC clinically manifest?
| What are the asstd. lab findings?
- Typical cancer shit + RUQ pain/ cirrhosis (follows after 10 yrs of cirrhosis)
- Labs: ^ AFP****, ^ AST, etc.
240
What would we expect to see on a liver biopsy w/ HCC?
- pale, +/- green infiltrative mass
- vascular invasion (intrahepatic mets)
- may be well differentiated, anapestic, or fibrolamellar
241
Describe the fibrolamellar variant of HCC.
| In which population does it typically occur? How does it arise? How do we treat it?
Well defined nodule in NON-CIRRHOTIC liver; see large eosinophilic cells with fibrolamellar stroma
Typically occurs in 20-40 yo adults without hx of cirrhosis or liver disease; has better prognosis than regular HCC
Treat with surgical resection
242
What is cholangiocarcinoma?
What are the risk factors and clinical manifestations?
What is the serum marker???
```
#2 primary hepatic malignancy
- Arises from ducts within/ outside the liver
```
- Asstd. with PSC, gallstones, inflammation/ fluke infection, thorocrast/ chemicals, cysts
- Dx typically late; difficult to dx
- ^ Serum CA 19-9
243
What is a klatskin tumor?
Cholangiocarcinoma arising in liver hilum--> leads to biliary obstruction
244
Hepatic angiosarcoma; define the tumor
How is it treated?
#1 primary sarcoma of the liver; arises from vasculature
Treat with whipple surgery or transplant
245
Hepatoblastoma define the tumor and the population in which it most commonly occurs:
What are the 4 types?
With what syndromes are these tumors associated?
#1 primary hepatic malignancy of childhood (^^ within 2yoa)
- Epithelial (best prog)
- Mixed epi/ mesenchymal
- Anapestic
Asstd with Beckwith Wiedemann syndrome, Familial adenomatous polyposis
246
What are the serum markers associated with hepatoblastoma?
- ^ AFP
| * *Low to normal AFP = MORE AGGRESSIVE
247
What is one potential predisposing factor to developing hepatoblastoma?
Drugs used to maintain LBW babies
248
What is more common in the liver: mets or primary hepatic tumors?
Mets! via hematologic, lymphatic, peritoneal spread--may be single or mult. lesions; depends on primary malignant
Smaller reasons may be asx.
249
What is the most common metastatic tumor in adults?
What are three most common mets to the liver in kids
Adults: #1 = pancreatic; also colon, breast, lung
Kiddos: neuroblastoma, wilms, rhabdomyosarcoma
250
What is the most common causes of jaundice in preggos?
Viral hepatitis; disease course not affected by preggos except HEV
251
The disease course of which hepatitis virus is affected by preggos?
HEV; fatal in up to 20% preggos!
252
What are the liver lab findings associated with pre-eclampsia?
How about liver biopsy?
- ^ aminotransferases
- ^ ALP
- ^ bilirubin
* coagulopathy = more severe, fatal
Biopsy shows periportal sinusoidal fibrin deposition and coagulative necrosis
253
What is one possible dangerous hepatic outcome asstd with preeclampsia?
Sub capsular hematoma may dissect under gleeson's capsule--> DEATH, bleed out!!!
254
What does HELLP Syndrome stand for?
| When does it occur and what do we see on lab findings and biopsy?
Hemolysis, Elevated Liver enzymes, Low Platelets--3rd trimester preggos
See hemolysis, ^ billy, ^ transaminases, Thrombocytopenia
Biopsy shows fibrin in periportal sinusoids + hemorrhaging in space of diss
255
Acute Fatty liver or preggos:
When does this occur and what causes it?
With what may it be comorbid?
How is it treated?
Occurs in 3rd trimester
AR gene mutations--> Defective mitochondrial B oxidation--> ^ fat within hepatocytes; may lead to liver failure, death
Possibly asstd with preeclampsia
Delivery of fetus = only treatment
256
What do we see pathologically with fatty liver of preggos?
Microvascular steatosis, scant inflammation necrosis
257
```
Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy:
When does this occur?
Which type of preggos are at risk?
How does it present?
What are the associated labs?
```
- third trimester in multiparous women w hx of cholestasis + OCP use
- Patient have Pruritis, dark urine, light stools, jaundice
- Labs: ^ conjugated billy, ^ ALP, VERY HIGH BILE SALTS***
258
Describe the histopath findings associated with intrahepatic cholestasis of preggos:
- centrilobular cholestasis w/ bile plugs in hepatocytes + canalliculi
- scant inflammation
259
What CAUSES intrahepatic cholescystasis of preggos?
Mutant phospholipid translocator (ATP cassete B4)-->
| Defective biliary secretion of bile salts + sulfonated progesterone metabolites
260
List 3 preggos complications that can occur with intrahepatic cholestasis of preggos
- fetal distress
- still birth
- premature labor
