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LING 150A > LING- Exam 1 > Flashcards

LING- Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q
  1. The fact that the word ‘dog’ is used for a canine in English and in an indigenous Australian language proves that these languages arose form a common ancestor.

True
False

A

false

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2
Q
  1. Which of these is NOT included in the set of ‘dominant’ languages given by Lewis?

A) Italian
B) Portuguese
C) Bengali
D) Hindi
E) Mandarin

A

a. italian

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3
Q
  1. Today, we can teach a computer to speak and understand in a human-like manner.

True
False

A

false

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4
Q
  1. No language community has lasted long w/o having a writing system.

True

False

A

false

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5
Q
  1. Its easy to define what counts as a ‘language’ versus what counts as a ‘dialect’.

True
False

A

false

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6
Q
  1. The set of rules or principles that constitute a speaker’s tacit knowledge of his or her language is called his or her

A) compositionally
B) arbitrariness
C) grammar
D) hierarchy
E) naturalness

A

c. grammar

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7
Q
  1. ______________ argued that language was conventionalized, and that words were arbitrary.

A) Chomsky
B) Aristotle
C) Plato
D) Givon
E) de Saussure

A

b. aristotle

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8
Q
  1. A document that covers all the known properties of a given language is a ________ grammar.

A) formal
B) pedagogical
C) tacit
D) descriptive
E) prescriptive

A

d. descriptive

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9
Q
  1. The study of individual sound systems of a given language is called

A) semantics
B) phonology
C) phonetics
D) syntax
E) morphology

A

b. phonology

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10
Q
  1. The idea that the form of words is not determined by any natural resemblance to the thing they refer to is

A) arbitariness
B) hierarchy
C) naturalness
D) grammar
E) compositionality

A

a. arbitariness

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11
Q
  1. Lexical semantics is the study of

A) discourse
B) onomatopoeia
C) language puzzles
D) sentence meanings
E) word meanings

A

e. word meanings

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12
Q
  1. The study of how words combine to form clauses or sentences is called

A) phonology
B) morphology
C) semantics
D) phonetics
E) syntax

A

e. syntax

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13
Q
  1. Onomatopoeic words for different sounds in all languages are the same as each other.

True
False

A

false

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14
Q
  1. ‘Linguistics’ can be defined as

A) the ability to speak many languages
B) the scientific study of language
C) the study of eloquence in language
D) the study of translation among languages
E) the study of rhetoric and composition

A

b. the scientific study of language

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15
Q
  1. Linguists generally agree on a definition of ‘language’, and on what should be the focus of the study of linguistics.

True
False

A

false

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16
Q
  1. Which of the following is an orthographic representation:

A) a word written using standard English spelling
B) a word written in the International Phonetic Alphabet
C) a word that is spoken colloquially
D) a word identified by a conventional icon
E) a picture of a word

A

a. a word written using standard english spelling

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17
Q
  1. A triphthong is a single vowel pronounced with movement b/w _______ places of articulation.

A) six
B) three
C) five
D) four
E) two

A

b. three

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18
Q
  1. On a spectrogram, darkness represents:

A) time in a milliseconds, indicating the duration of the sound.
B) a glottal pulse
C) richness of the vocal tone
D) frequency in Hertz, indicating the pitch(es) in the sound.
E) amplitude, or volume, of the voice.

A

e. amplitude, or volume, of the voice

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19
Q
  1. On a spectrogram, each vertical striation represents:

A) richness of the vocal tone
B) a glottal pulse
C) amplitude, or volume, of the voice.
D) frequency in Herz, indicating the pitch(es) in the sound.
E) time in milliseconds, indicating the duration of the sound.

A

b. a glottal pulse

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20
Q
  1. The Place of articulation that involves the area behind and above your font teeth is called:

A) velar
B) alveolar
C) interdental
D) palatal
E) bilabial

A

b. alveolar

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21
Q
  1. Sounds produced with the velum high, so that it does not allow air to pass through behind it are called nasal sounds.

True
False

A

false

22
Q
  1. The letter ‘u’ in the IPA

A) always stands for the vowel sound in ‘caught’
B) always stands for the vowel sound in ‘coup’
C) can represent a variety of different vowel phones
D) always stands for the vowel sound in ‘bough’
E) always stands for the vowel sound in ‘cup’

A

b. always stands for the vowel sound in ‘coup’

23
Q
  1. Acoustic phonetics is the study of:

A) how speech sounds are represented in standard orthographies
B) how speech sounds are produced by a speaker
C) how speech sounds are heard and perceived by a listener
D) how speech sounds can be reproduced by a computer
E) how speech sounds are phonetically transcribed.

A

c. how speech sounds are heard and perceived by a listener

24
Q
  1. Which of the following is a phonetic representation:

A) a picture of a word
B) a word that is spoken colloquially
C) a word written in the IPA
D) a word written using standard English writing
E) a word identified by a conventional icon.

A

c. a word written in the IPA

25
Q
  1. The manner of articulation in which you initiate a sound w/ a complete closure, then release that closure into a fricative is called:

A) voicing
B) fricative
C) approximant
D) affricate
E) stop

A

d. affricate

26
Q
  1. Some languages use word order in a meaningful why, while for other languages word order is relatively free.

True
False

A

true

27
Q
  1. There is a one-to-one correspondence b/w language and nation

True
False

A

false

28
Q
  1. All ‘dual language education’ precludes speakers from learning a new majority language.

True
False

A

false

29
Q
  1. In language, ‘double-negative’ constructions such as ‘i didn’t have no fun’ are incorrect b/c two negatives combine to form a positive.

True
False

A

false

30
Q
  1. Language learning starts well before babies utter their first words or babbles.

True
False

A

true

31
Q
  1. If you are not a native speaker of a variety that’s viewed as prestigious, there are social and economic advantages to learning the prestigious variety.

True
False

A

true

32
Q
  1. The choice of the ‘best’ or ‘most correct’ way to say something is determined by natural grammatical principles.

True
False

A

false

33
Q
  1. In terms of phonotactics, when we write the CV skeleton of a word, a diphthong counts as a single V, a vowel.

True
False

A

true

34
Q
  1. There exist languages in which every syllable REQUIRES an onset.

True
False

A

true

35
Q
  1. If you were investigating a language with the phonemes /p, ph, p’/, what other trio of phonemes should you expect to find?

A) /k, g/
B) /l, r/
C) /k, n/
D) /k, kh, k’/
E) /i, u/

A

d. /k, kh, k’/

36
Q
  1. In terms of syllabification, consonants are always syllable peaks.

True
False

A

false

37
Q
  1. The syllable shape CV is called the ‘core syllable’.

True
False

A

true

38
Q
  1. A language in which the following minimal pairs were found can be said to have phonemic distinction based on vowel _______________.

A) nasalization
B) length
C) voicing
D) aspiration
E) tone

A

e. tone

39
Q
  1. In the nonsense syllable /spaks/, the rhyme is:

A) /sp/
B) /aks/
C) /ks/
D) /a/
E) /spa/

A

b. /aks/

40
Q
  1. In terms of syllabification, consonants are never syllable peaks.

True
False

A

false

41
Q
  1. All languages allow onsetless syllables.

True
False

A

true

42
Q
  1. If you were investigating a language with the phonemes /p, b, t, d/, what other pair of phonemes should you expect to find?

A) /k, g/
B) /l, r/
C) /k, n/
D) /k, kh/
E) /i, u/

A

a. /k, g/

43
Q
  1. Which word of English has the longest consonant cluster?

A) skunks
B) coatimundi
C) chipmonks
D) squirrels
E) honey badgers

A

d. squirrels

44
Q
  1. The word humuhumunukunuku’apu’a’a is found in a language that allows only which type of syllable?

A) CVC
B) VCC
C) CV
D) CCV
E) V

A

c. CV

45
Q
  1. The phonemic inventories of all naturally occurring human languages are systematic.

True
False

A

true

46
Q
  1. Which of the following minimal pairs of english words proves that the phones [k,g] are different phonemes in english (that is, they are /k, g/)?

A) ‘bucket’ and ‘bug it’
B) ‘cane’ and ‘gain’
C) ‘skunk’ and ‘stunk’
D) ‘sink’ and ‘sing’
E) ‘cling’ and ‘king’

A

b. ‘cane’ and ‘gain’

47
Q
  1. Which of the following statements is NOT a universal of syllabification?

  1. Every syllable contains exactly one peak of sonority.
  2. Every syllable contains exactly one onset consonant.
  3. Every word is built of one or more well-formed syllables.

A) all the statements are universal
B) statement 3
C) statement 1
D) none of the statements are universal
E) statement 2

A

e. statement 2

48
Q
  1. The study of language-specific rules for combining consonants and vowels w/ each other to form meaningful elements such as words is called:

A) phonetics
B) phonology
C) morphology
D) phonotactics
E) syllabification

A

d. phonotactics

49
Q
  1. Franz Boas noted that early European linguists were mis-hearing the phonemic inventories of native American languages based on the phonemic inventories of their own languages.

True
False

A

true

50
Q
  1. The phenomenon in which speakers of some language tend to perceive a phone thats pronounced in a way thats intermediate b/w 2 phonemes in that language as though it were either one or the other of those sounds, depending on context, is called:

A) the principle of compositionality
B) the McGurk effect
C) hierarchy
D) phonemic invariability
E) categorical perception

A

e. categorical perception

LING 150A (2 decks)

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