Linguistic 2 final Flashcards
(24 cards)
deals with how languages change, what types of changes occur, and why they occurred
Historical and Comparative Linguistics
The ancestral language from which related languages developed.
Protolanguage
Words in related languages that developed from the same ancestral root, e.g. English horn and Latin cornū
Cognates
Celtic Languages
Breton, Irish, Scots Gaelic, Welsh
Italic/ Romance Languages
French, Catalan, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Romanian, Provençal
Hellenic Languages
Ancient Greek, Greek
Baltic Languages
Latvian, Lithuanian
Slavic Languages
Bulgarian, Czech, Macedonian, Polish, Russian, Serbo-Croation, Slovak, Slovanian, Ukranian.
Indo-Iranian Languages
Old Persian= Kurdish, Pashto, Persian
Sanskrit= Bengali, Hindi, Punjabi, Urdu
Some languages have no demonstrable genealogical relationship with other living languages
Language Isolates
the process of creating electronic signals that simulate
the phones and prosodic features of speech and assemble them into words and
phrases for output to an electronic speaker, or for further processing as in a
language generation application.
Speech synthesis
the process of analyzing
the speech signal into its component phones and phonemes, and producing,
in effect, a phonetic transcription of the speech.
Speech recognition
A technique that generates artificial speech by modeling the resonant frequencies of the human voice tract among other factors.
Formant Synthesis
the user makes multiple utterances known in advance to the computer, which extracts the accoustic patterns of each phone typical to the user.
Speaker Dependent Speech Recognition
Simple images that represent objects or concepts directly, without language.
Pictograms
Symbols that represent abstract ideas or concepts, not tied to specific words or sounds.
Ideograms
A writing system that uses symbols (pictorial and abstract) to represent sounds, objects, and ideas. (Used in Ancient Egypt)
Hieroglyphs
What are the 4 types of writing systems?
- Logographic
- Syllabic
- Consonant ALphabetic
- Alphabetic
Writing system in which each symbol represents a word or morpheme. (Chinese)
Logographic
Writing system in which each symbol represents a syllable. (Japanese Hiragana/Katakana)
Syllabic
Writing system in which symbols mostly represent consonants only; vowels are implied or optional. (Hebrew)
Consonantal Alphabetic
Writing systems in which each symbol represents a single sound (phoneme)—consonant or vowel.
Alphabetic
Changes made to the spelling rules of a language to make them more regular, phonetic, or simplified. (Ex: Turkish alphabet (1928) switched from Arabic to Latin script.)
Spelling Reforms
A writing technique where pictures or symbols are used for their sounds, not meanings.
Rebus Writing
