Linguistic terms Flashcards

Question

The Critical lens

Answer 1

Questions the values and assumptions embedded within the context The effects of lingistic creativity and how it is valued.

Answer 2

Setting. Participants End (purpose) Act (topics discussed) Key (the manner) Instrumentalities (lang, dialect) Norms Genre USe this to Ethnographically identify aspects of context

Answer 3

Body language, gestures, facial expressions, tone and pitch of voice are all examples of paralinguistic features

Answer 4

the rythm, stress and tone of speech

Answer 5

refers to in-depth investigation of the situation behind a news story, which may involve photographic images, or literary writing, in order to grasp its essence.

Answer 6

Corpus linguistics is a methodology that involves computer-based empirical analyses (both quantitative and qualitative) of language use by employing large, electronically available collections of naturally occurring spoken and written texts, so-called corpora.

Answer 7

occurs when a writer or language user violates the norm s/he has established in her/his text. In essence, internal deviation describes that situation where a language user deviates from the norms of a deviated norm.

Answer 8

occurs when a language user violates the norm that s/he shares with other language users.

Answer 9

the major levels of structure applicable here are phonological, morphological, syntactic, semantic, and the pragmatic (or discourse) level. - founded upon the idea that language has more that on e level of organisation made up of meaningless units - sounds and meaningful units - words formed into arrangements of smaller phonological units then organised into higher level structures

Answer 10

Product Process Purpose

Answer 11

- An ethnomethodical approach to analysisng spoken language. - CA aims to demostrate the structure that underlies all conversation (Harvey Slacks in 1970s pioneered the approach)

Answer 12

In a typical conversation a turn taking system takes place. Turn taking is composed of two componants -turn allocation component - turn constructional component (pg 101-102 stylistics)

Answer 13

The point in conversation at which a change of speaker occurs.

Answer 14

(CA) Consisits of a first part and second part - second part may be prefered or dispreffered. Prefered Greeting adjacent pair Hello -Hello Dispreffered version Hello-Fuck off

Answer 15

An entailment is a deduction or implication, that is, something that follows logically from or is implied by something else. In logic, an entailment is the relationship between sentences whereby one sentence will be true if all the others are also true.

Answer 16

presupposition (or PSP) is an implicit assumption about the world or background belief relating to an utterance whose truth is taken for granted in discourse. Examples of presuppositions include: Jane no longer writes fiction.

Answer 17

something the speaker suggests or implies with an utterance, even though it is not literally expressed

Answer 18

describes how people achieve effective conversational communication in common social situations—that is, how listeners and speakers act cooperatively and mutually accept one another to be understood in a particular way. - Forumulated of four sub maxims (stylistics pg 105) Technical view point- The basis of Gricean pragmatics is the cooperative principle (CP): “Make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange” (Grice 1989, cited under Foundational Works, p. 26).

Answer 19

Quantity Quality Relation Manner - best understood as encapsultaing the assuptions we typically have when we engage in conversation.

Answer 20

- Make the contribuation as informative as required for the purpose of the exchange - So not make your contribution more informative that is required.

Answer 21

- Do not say what you believe to be false - Do not say that which you lack evidence for

Answer 22

Be relevant

Answer 23

- Be clear and easily understood (perspicuous) -Avoid obscurity of expression - avoid ambiguity -Be brief - Be orderly

Answer 24

Flouting happens when a speaker fails to observe a maxim. This draws attention to an undercurrent of meaning.

Answer 25

person who takes part in a dialogue

Answer 26

when a speaker breaks a maxim on purpose and inteds for the intelocutor not to notice it.

Answer 27

When a speaker fails to observe a maxim though with no intention to decive or generate an effect (implicature). E.g if person is tired or drunk.

Answer 28

When a speaker prefers not to answer e.g no comment therefore opting out of the cooperative principal.

Answer 29

radicily different perspectives or different interpretations of meaning or values /perspective of reality that can lead to clashes.

Answer 30

Brown and Levison 1987 Everyone has face needs e.g positive face needs - the need to be liked negative face needs - the desire to go about ones own business unimpeded.

Answer 31

an affront to face needs which speakers will use politeness strategies designed to appeal to their addressee's face needs.

Answer 32

1. Perform FTA bald, on record 2. Perform FTA on record using positive politeness 3. Perform FTA on record using negative politeness 4. Perform FTA off record 5. Don't use FTA

Answer 33

1.1. Perform FTA bald, on record impoliteness 2. Perform FTA on record using positive impoliteness 3. Perform FTA on record using negative impoliteness 4. Perform FTA using sarcasm or mock politeness 5. Withold politeness

Answer 34

First identified by J.K. Austin who noted language is not just used to make statments or ask questions byt also used to perform actions. Made of COnstatives and Performatives

Answer 35

I like guiness - can be true or false

Answer 36

I apologise - can never be said to be true or false. Purely self refferentail - referring to the speaker.

Answer 37

in metalinguistic performatives are always sucessful - felictous - ergo noone can accuse you of not haveing perfromed the act specified by the verb. 'I say that he is a cad and a bounder' Yes you have said this. For a performative to be felicitous the external factors must align with the Felicity conditions

Answer 38

a1: There must be conventional procedure having a conventional effect a2: the circumstance and persons must be a ppropriate. B: The procedure must be executed (i) correctly (ii) completely C; Often (i) the persons must havd the requisit ethoughts, feelings and intetions and (ii) if consequent conduct is specified the the relavant parties must do it.

Answer 39

what is said ( 3 way distinction of performative hypothesis)

Answer 40

what is meant ( 3 way distinction of performative hypothesis)

Answer 41

the effect of the hearer of what is said ( 3 way distinction of performative hypothesis)

Answer 42

If we consider the speech act as an offering it could be: -Propositional act - Preparatory act - Sincerity condition -Essential condition

Answer 43

The speaker asks the hearer if they would like them to do something which they belive would be in the hearer's interests

Answer 44

Speaker believes item or action is in best interests for hearer and can provide that

Answer 45

Speaker wants to provide item action for the hearer

Answer 46

Context Adresser (sender) Adressee (reciever) Contact Common code Message

Answer 47

Phatic speech or phatic communication consists of words or phrases that have a social function and are not meant literally. E.g When people are thanked, they often say You're welcome in reply, and this is meant to show politeness and not to be interpreted as literally welcoming them.

Linguistic terms Flashcards

(71 cards)