Linguistics

Question 1

Acculturation

Answer 1

the process of adjusting and adapting to a new culture, usually when one is living in the new culture, and often with the resultant creation of a new cultural identity

Question 2

Affect

Answer 2

Emotion or feeling

Question 3

affective domain

Answer 3

emotional issues and factors in human behavior, often compared to the cognitive domain

Question 4

affective filter

Answer 4

a condition of low anxiety and nondefensiveness that permits one to acquire a language

Question 5

ambiguity intolerance

Answer 5

a style in which an individual is relatively ill-equipped to withstand or mange a high degree of uncertainty in a linguistic context, and as a result may demand more certainty and structure

Question 6

ambiguity tolerance

Answer 6

a style in which an individual is relatively well suited to withstand or manage a high degree of uncertainty in a in a linguistic context

Question 7

analyzed knowledge

Answer 7

the general form in which we know most things with awareness of the structure of that knowledge

Question 8

anomie

Answer 8

feelings of social uncertainty, dissatisfaction, or “homelessness” as individuals lose some of the bonds of a native culture but are not yet fully acculturated in the new culture

Question 9

anxiety

Answer 9

the subjective feeling of tension, apprehension, and nervousness connected to an arousal of the autonomic nervous system, and associated with feelings of uneasiness, frustration, self-doubt, apprehension, or worry

Question 10

appeal to authority

Answer 10

a direct appeal for help from a more proficient user of the language

Question 11

approach

Answer 11

a unified but broadly based theoretical position about the nature of language and of language learning and teaching that forms the basis of methodology in the language classroom

Question 12

approximative system

Answer 12

learner language that emphasizes the successive approximation of the learner’s output to the target language

Question 13

artifacts

Answer 13

in nonverbal communication, factors external to a person, such as clothing and ornamentation, and their effect on communication

Question 14

assimilative orientation

Answer 14

learning a language in order to form a long-term identity with the culture of a second language group, possibly at the expense of losing one’s original cultural identity

Question 15

attention getting

Answer 15

securing the attention of one’s audience in a conversation

Question 16

attention

Answer 16

the psychological process of focusing on certain stimuli to the exclusion of others

Question 17

attitude

Answer 17

a set of personal feelings, opinions, or biases about races, cultures, ethnic groups, classes of people, and languages

Question 18

attribution theory

Answer 18

how people explain the causes of their own successes and failures

Question 19

Audiolingual Method

Answer 19

ALM a language teaching method, popular in the 1950s, that placed an extremely strong emphasis on oral production, pattern drills, and conditioning through repetition

Question 20

auditory learning style

Answer 20

the tendency to prefer listening to lectures and audiotapes, as opposed to visual and/or kinesthetic processing

Question 21

authentic

Answer 21

(referring to pronunciation) oral production judged by a speech community to be correct, native or native-like, and appropriate within that speech community

Question 22

authenticity

Answer 22

a principle emphasizing real-world, meaningful language used for genuine communicative purposes

Question 23

automatic processes

Answer 23

relatively permanent cognitive efforts, as opposed to controlled processes

Question 24

autonomy

Answer 24

individual effort and action through which learners initiate language, problem solving, strategic action, and the generation of linguistic input

Question 25

avoidance

Answer 25

(of a topic) in a conversation, steering others away from an unwanted topic; (of a language form) a strategy that leads to refraining from producing a form that speaker may not know, often through an alternative form; as a strategy, options intended to prevent the production of ill-formed utterance, classified into such categories as syntactic, lexical, phonological, and topic avoidance