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linguistics final Flashcards

(102 cards)

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1
Q

Research shows that language variation is not _______ or unmotivated

A

random

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2
Q

Old research in language variation thought that personal factors (age, social group, gender, ethnicity/race etc.) _______ and _______ how a person’s language varied

A

predicted and constrained

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3
Q

Newer research in language variation still works to identify factors that can ________ (not cause or constrain) how language varies

A

underlie

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4
Q

Newer research in language variation accounts for _______ ________ and choice in choosing language that is used.

A

speaker intent

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5
Q

New research views language as a tool for communication and for negotiating __________ and _________

A

identity and power

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6
Q

A dialect is a language variety that is _________ ________ but systematically different from other varieties of
the same language

A

mutually intelligible

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7
Q

A one-person language variety is called an

A

idiolect

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8
Q

True or false: dialect and community of practice are the same thing

A

false

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9
Q

community of practice is a more accurate term than “social/ethnic/age/ (etc.) group” or ________ _______

A

dialect group

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10
Q

true or false: Differences in what is ‘polite’ can vary by community of practice

A

true

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11
Q

Politeness is used to mitigate the ________ of all interactions

A

imposition

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12
Q

2 kinds of politeness

A

positive and negative politeness

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13
Q

Type of politeness that acknowledges the imposition

A

negative politeness

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14
Q

type of politeness that makes a hearer feel a sense of closeness and belonging

A

positive politeness

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15
Q

_______ varieties are language or dialect families that are generally considered by a society to be the most “correct” or otherwise superior.

A

Prestige

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16
Q

Prestige you get from indicating you are part of/associated with a group/groups (COP) that value the “prestige” variety of English

A

Overt prestige

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17
Q

Anytime you make a choice to use a non-standard variety to show you are associated with COPs that are non-prestige

A

covert prestige

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18
Q

A soon as an element passes _____ constituent
test, you can stop because it is a phrasal
constituent.

A

one

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18
Q

_______ means part or member of

A

Constituent

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18
Q

________ are constituents of phrases and
phrases are constituents of ___________
(independent clauses).

A

Words, sentences

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18
Q

A clause is made of

A

a np, an optional aux, and a vp

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19
Q

__________ ________ can
join two phrases of the same type

A

coordinating conjunctions

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20
Q

A _________ ________ is a clause that is inside, or
embedded in, another clause.

A

subordinate clause

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21
Q

A functional category (part of speech) that includes words that can be used to turn a clause into the subject or object of a sentence. For example: Mary believes ‘that’ it is raining

A

complementizer

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22
A ________ ______ can be used to show the hierarchy of the sentence
tree diagram
23
a family of expressions that can substitute for one another without loss of grammaticality
syntactic category Example: 'The child' found a puppy. 'A police officer' found a puppy. 'Your neighbor' found a puppy.
24
verbs such as "have", and "be", and modals such as "may", "can", "will", "shall', and "must"
auxiliary
25
the, a, this, that, those, each, every
determiners
26
The core of every phrase is its _______
head
27
The phrasal category that may occur next to a head and elaborates on the meaning of the head
complement
28
Elements preceding the head in a phrase
Specifiers
29
The form of the sentence before any transformations have been applied to it.
deep structure
30
The form of the sentence after one or more transformations have been applied
surface structure
31
PS rules go to work first and generate a deep structure and then ________ ________ (such as movement rules) move elements in a sentence to form the surface structure.
syntactic operations
32
When the subject of the first clause is the same as the subject in the second clause, we delete the subject in the second clause
silent syntax
33
_________ ________ make words by affixing morphemes to roots
Synthetic languages
34
two kinds of synthetic languages
agglutinative and fusional
35
type of language where there is one meaning or function per root and affix
agglutinative
36
type of language where affixes may have more than one meaning or function
fusional
37
________ languages communicate information by WORD ORDER and PARTICLES.
analytic
38
English is generally considered to be an _______ language with some ________ properties
analytic, synthetic
39
refers to how morphemes form words that already exist
morphological processes
40
refers to how new words come into the language.
WORD CREATION PROCESSES
41
word for creating completely new words
coining
42
Combining two or more independent words that each have a single meaning to form a new meaning
compounding
43
Words formed from famous or important people or from brand names that eventually become used as generic
eponyms
44
Words that have been created to explain a distinction that was previously unnecessary
retronym
45
Words that are combined by taking parts of each word
blends
46
Words that begin as one part of speech and are converted to another
conversion
47
Words that are formed by using the initial letters of each part of a compound
acronym
48
Words that are formed by shortening original words
clipping
49
Words that are logically created because it appears that the word should exist
backformation
50
Creating a word by doubling a free morpheme or part of a free morpheme
reduplication
51
Words that come from other languages--but to us, they are new words
borrowing
52
The relationship between words and their meanings is __________
ARBITRARY (except for onomatopoeias)
53
The theory of word meaning that we examine in this class
lexical semantics
54
2 popular ways to look at lexical semantics
semantic features and meaning relationships
55
word-level meaning can be decomposed or analyzed into smaller parts of meaning. These smaller parts of meaning are called
semantic features
56
Semantic features are ________. That is, for each feature, a word either has that feature or it hasn’t
binary
57
problem with using semantic features to describe things: _______ things can be tough to describe using features
abstract (ex. love, aggression, pity)
58
problem with using semantic features to describe things: semantic features can’t reflect some types of __________
systematicity (We KNOW that color terms are related—Yellow, Red, Blue--But what features can reflect the difference?)
59
Meaning Relationships are also called __________ relationships
lexical/semantic
60
refers to the systematic relationship between the meanings of the words themselves
meaning relationships
61
two or more forms with opposite meanings
Antonomy
62
two or more forms with closely related meanings
Synonomy
63
the meaning of one form is included in another
Hyponomy
64
one form with multiple but related meanings
Polysemy (A head on a person and a head on a mug of beer. Run (what an athlete does) and run (what colors do))
65
one form has two unrelated meanings.
Homonymy
66
2 Subcategories of Homonymy
Homophones and Homographs
67
sound the same, not necessarily spelled the same
Homophones (ex. flower and flour)
68
spelled the same, don’t sound the same
homograph (ex. read and read)
69
a part stands for the whole
Metonymy (ex. The White House announced today)
70
Change in general meaning associated with the word.
Shifts in Connotation
71
4 types of Shifts in Connotation:
Narrowing Broadening Amelioration Pejoration
72
Complete shift in definition of word.
Shifts in Denotation
73
the process by which the meanings of words become more specific over time
Narrowing
74
_________ is the process by which the meanings of words become more general over time.
Broadening
75
The process by which words take on a more positive meaning
Amelioration
76
the process by which words take on a more negative meaning
Pejoration
77
Expressing something “figuratively” uses _________ meanings of words. Much of what we say in everyday language is often figurative
nonliteral
78
the comparison of two unlike things. “Something is something else.
Metaphors
79
the comparison of two unlike things using like or as.
simile
80
the act of giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.
Personification
81
the description of a sensation described in terms of another
Synesthesia
82
collocations of words and phrases that have nonliteral meanings
Idioms
83
sort of like synonyms but are nonliteral in nature and are used to avoid hurting someone’s feelings or used to disguise the actual meaning
Euphemism
84
something expressed by an individual that not only presents information but performs an action as well
speech act
85
meaning that it is not directly stated but must be true because it logically follows that it is true free of context
Entailment
86
_________ are boring and not open to interpretation
Entailments
87
Paul Grice called non-entailed meaning ___________
“implicature”
88
says that we are supposed say things which further the purposes of the conversation
The cooperative principle
89
According to Grice, when you don’t want to communicate implicature (meaning you want to say exactly what you mean and not imply anything), you follow the __________.
maxims
90
Grice claimed that implicatures arise from a person not following a maxim because he or she is still trying to be as ______ as possible
cooperative (impliature = implied meaning)
91
two main types of writing systems
logographic and phonographic
92
a type of writing system in which you write things that look like things or ideas
logographic
93
2 types of logographic writing systems
pictograms and ideograms
94
writing system in which the shape looks like what it is that you are describing
pictograms
95
writing system in which the shape represents things that you need to do or be aware of
ideogram
96
each sign represents a phonetic or phonological element with no reference to meaning
phonographic
97
Each symbol only represents aspects of consonants
segmental (Ex. Arabic)
98
Each symbol only represents syllables
syllabic (Ex. Japanese)
99
Each symbol represents a sound
Alphabetic (most common in the world)

linguistics (6 decks)

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