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Linux Flashcards

(73 cards)

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1
Q

What are the characteristics of linux

A

Flexibility, Multitasking, Multi-user, Portable

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2
Q

USER <-> SHELL <-> kernal <-> Hardware

A
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3
Q

Functions of a shell

A

Acts as command interpreter, performs I/O, manages environment.

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4
Q

Functions of a kernal

A

Manages creation and termination of processes. Manages allocation of memory. manages filesystem. Manages system I/O

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5
Q

BIOS tasks

A

-performs POST
-hardware setup and config
-boot device is selected and loaded

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6
Q

Grub stage 1 tasks

A

-Small machine code located in MBR
-Sole purpose is to locate and load second stage of boot loader into memory

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7
Q

GRUB stage 2 tasks

A

-kernal selection menu is displayed
-Loads initial RAM into memory, known as initrd
-Loads kernal into memory

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8
Q

Linux Kernal

A

-Initializes and configures memory and hardware
mounts initrd to load drivers.
-Mounts file root system
-Executes /sbin/init

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9
Q

BIOS -> GRUB1 -> GRUB2 -> kernal

A
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10
Q

What are the 3 kinds of linux drivers

A

Module, loadable kernal module, Device Drivers

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11
Q

What does the module driver do

A

A piece of code that can be added to kernal at runtime

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12
Q

what does the Loadable kernal module (LKM) do

A

Adds and removes functionality to the kernal while system is running

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13
Q

what do device drivers do

A

Allows system to communicate with the system hardware and peripheral devices

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14
Q

What is virtualization

A

Process of creating software-based version of something

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15
Q

host OS

A

OS running virtual environment can run several guest OS

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16
Q

Guest OS

A

OS inside virtual environment

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17
Q

Hypervisor

A

Seperates OS from hardware; AKA abstraction layer

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18
Q

Logical resources

A

Representation of physical resources

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19
Q

Physical resources

A

actual underlying hardware (RAM, CPU)

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20
Q

What is server virtualization

A

One physical machine divided into many virtual servers.
Utilizes hypervisor

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21
Q

What is application virtualization

A

-Java/python VMs
-Streaming applications from a central location

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22
Q

What is network virtualization

A

Combination of multiple networks (VPNs)
-Logically seperate physcial network with virtual network devices

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23
Q

What is containerization

A

-Contains everything to run a piece of software
-Shares the kernal with other containers

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24
Q

Advantages of virtualization

A

-Consolidation of hardware resources
-Multiple instances of OSs can run on one machine

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25
Advanced RISC machine (ARM) processor
-Majority of phones use the arm process -ARM uses the reduced instruction set computing (RISC)
26
Three key attributes of ARM processors
Small implementation size, good performance, very low power consumption
27
ARM Instruction set
set of 32-bit instructions provides comprehensive data-processing and control functions
28
THUMB instruction set
-set of 16-bit instructions -Provides significantly improved code density, at cost of reduction in performance
29
What are the 5 layers of android
Linux kernal, Libraries, Android runtime, Application framework, Applications
30
what is Linux kernal (layers of android)
-Lowest level, built on linux kernal
31
What are libraries (layers of android)
Provides native libraries, low level functionality
32
What is android runtime (layers of android)
Dalvik VM, core android library
33
What is application framework (layers of android)
-Java libraries to build applications
34
What are applications (layers of android)
All the applications on the system
35
What is the boot process of an android OS
1) Boot ROM 2)Boot loader phase 1 3) Boot loader phase 2 4) kernal phase 5) init 6) zygote 7) system servers 8) system servers 9) Home applications 10) contacts
36
What does the boot ROM phase do
-Performs check of all chip components -Detects boot media and locates first stage of boot loader -loads boot loader first stage into RAM
37
What does boot loader stage 1 do
Boot loader detects and sets up external RAM Loads boot loader stage 2 into external RAM
38
What does boot loader stage 2 do
-Sets up hardware such as networking and additional networking -Looks for linux kernal and loads it into memory -Passes control to kernal
39
What does the kernal stage do
Setup memory protection, caches, and scheduling starts init process
40
What does the init stage do
-Starts each system service daemon in separate processes -Starts zygote process -Starts runtime process
41
What does the zygote stage do
Runtime process tells zygote to start system server Listens for requests to spawn Dalvik VM instances
42
What does the system server stage do
-Starts native system servers and android managed servers
43
What does the home application stage do
Idle screen, zygote loads home application in new Dalvik VM
44
What does the contacts stage do
Zygote loads contacts process in new Dalvik Vm
45
command = ln
makes links between files. -s is symbolic
46
command = chmod
Changes permissions on file
47
command = chown
-Changes ownership [owner][:group]
48
suid bit
-Allows executable to run with permissions of the file owner
49
sgid bit
Allows executable to run with permissions of the group subfolders retain sgid bit
50
command = whatis
displays one line manual page description
51
command = which
prints full path of executable.
52
command = whereis
Locates binary path for a command
53
command = hostname
shows system hostname
54
command = uname
-prints certain system info, such as kernal name, release version
55
shell variables
Variables contained exclusively in shell which were set
56
packages
A consolidation of files needed to provide a feature to the OS, such as a text editor
57
Repository
Central location where packages are stored
58
command = tr
performs substitution or deletion of selected characters
59
/proc/pid
Files that provide information about the process
60
systemctl
control systemd system and service manager
61
NFS
-Internet standard protocol for file sharing between systems
62
command = ifconfig
used to configure network interface
63
command = route
manipulates kernal IP routing table
64
command = ssh
Logging into a remote machine
65
command = iptables
edit tables to store set of firewall rules admin table for ipv4 packet filtering and NAT
66
regular expressions
sequence of characters that define a search pattern for text
67
/var/log
Holds most system log. only accessible by root
68
/var/log/secure
contains info related to authentication and authorization priveledges
69
/var/log/lastlog
contains info on last login. viewed using lastlog
70
var/log/btmp
contains info on failed logins. viewed by lastb
71
var/run/utmp
contains info on who is currently logged in. Viewed by who command
72
/var/log/wtmp
Contains all logins/logouts. viewed by last
73
auditctl
used to configure options related to auditing

Linux (2 decks)

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