Linux CH2

Question 1

what is Preboot eXecution Environment (PXE)

Answer 1

A standard that allows computers to boot from installation media hosted on a network server. (PXE), commonly referred to as ‘pixie’, is a means to boot from a Network Interface Card (NIC) to the network. Once booted, the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) Server gives an IP Address to it.

Question 2

Nearly all Linux distributions provide a website from which you can download DVD images, called:

Answer 2

(ISO images) that have an .iso file extension

Question 3

virtualization software (also called a hypervisor) is commonly used to:

Answer 3

run multiple operating systems (called virtual machines) concurrently on server hardware. You can also use virtualization software to run multiple operating systems concurrently on a workstation.

Question 4

What are some examples of workstation-focused virtualization software products

Answer 4

Microsoft Hyper-V, Oracle VM VirtualBox, Universal Turing Machine (UTM), Parallels Desktop, VMWare Workstation Pro.

Question 5

How can access your BIOS configuration?

Answer 5

by pressing the appropriate manufacturer-specific key, such as F10, during system startup.

Question 6

what is (LUKS)?

Answer 6

Linux Unified Key Setup: is a disk encryption specification. LUKS is the standard for Linux hard disk encryption.

Question 7

Hard disk drive or SSD is divided into sections called:

Answer 7

partitions. (A physical division of a hard disk drive or SSD.)
.

Question 8

What is a filesystem.

Answer 8

A structure that specifies how data should physically reside in the partition on the hard disk drive or SSD. (The organization imposed on a physical storage device that is used to manage the storage and retrieval of data by block.)

Question 9

What is a primary partition

Answer 9

A primary partition is a partition on which you can install an operating system. A primary partition with an operating system installed on it is used when the computer starts to load the OS. On hard disk drives and SSDs that store partition configuration in a Master Boot Record (MBR), you can create a maximum of four major partitions

Question 10

What are logical drives?

Answer 10

A smaller partition contained within an extended partition on an MBR-based hard disk drive or SSD. (You can optionally label a primary partition as “extended”; this extended partition can then contain an unlimited number of smaller partitions called logical drives.)

Question 11

What are namespace divisions?

Answer 11

A major section of an NVMe SSD that can be partitioned.

Question 12

What is the highest (top-most) directory in the filesystem hierarchy?

Answer 12

The /root directory: /root

Question 13

what is journaling?

Answer 13

Journaling in Linux is a file system feature that uses a log to track changes to a file system, which improves the system’s reliability and crash recovery.

Question 14

What is zswap?

Answer 14

A Linux kernel feature that creates virtual memory in a compressed area of RAM.

Question 15

What command is used to set a valid password for the root user following installation?

Answer 15

the ‘sudo password root’ command

Question 16

What is the channel that allows a certain user to log in and communicate with the kernel via a user interface?

Answer 16

terminal

Question 17

After you log in to a terminal, you receive a user interface called a:

Answer 17

shell (A user interface that accepts input from the user and passes the input to the kernel for processing.)

Question 18

The shell that is used by default on most Linux systems is the:

Answer 18

BASH shell. (short for Bourne Again Shell)

Question 19

What does (GDM) stand for?

Answer 19

The GNOME Display Manager (GDM) is a program in Linux that manages graphical logins and X servers for local and remote users. (Logins: GDM is responsible for logging users into the system and starting their sessions.)

Question 20

When using a command-line terminal, the _____ ultimately interprets all information you enter into the command line.

Answer 20

shell

Question 21

What are specific letters that start with a dash (-) and appear after the command name to alter the way the command works?

Answer 21

Options. (A part of a command that alters the way the command works. Options are represented by one or more letters that starts with a dash (-) or a word that starts with two dashes.)

Question 22

What are POSIX options?

Answer 22

Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX). Are options start with two dashes (–). these options are usually composed of a whole word, not just a letter.

Question 23

What are Arguments?

Answer 23

The text that appears after a command name, does not start with a dash (-), and specifies information that the command requires to work properly.

Question 24

What does the Ls command do?

Answer 24

The ls command in Linux lists files and directories in a specified directory.

Question 25

What does the su command do?

Answer 25

su (switch user). Even if you are logged in to the system as a regular user account, you can easily switch to the root user to perform any administrative tasks using the su (switch user) command. (If you do not specify the user name when using the su command, the root user is assumed.) # su – user1

Question 26

What are shell metacharacters?

Answer 26

A character that has special meaning in a shell. Shell metacharacters are special characters that have different meanings in Linux shells and are used to modify how input and output are processed.

Question 27

What is one of the most commonly used metacharacters? What does it mean?

Answer 27

the $ character, which tells the shell that the following text refers to a variable. (A variable is a piece of information that is stored in memory)

Question 28

what is a variable?

Answer 28

(A variable is a piece of information that is stored in memory). A variable in Linux is a named container that stores a piece of data, like text or a number, which can be accessed and used within a shell script or command line, allowing for dynamic manipulation of information within a Linux system.

Question 29

What does the man command followed by a command name do?

Answer 29

displays extensive page-by-page information about that Linux command on the terminal screen.

Question 30

What does the the whoami command do?

Answer 30

reveals the current username associated with the active user session

Question 31

What does the the whatis command do?

Answer 31

(A faster "man") Get brief info about Linux commands or functions. (If you want to only view a short description of a command (for example, to see what the command does), you can use the whatis command.)

Question 32

There are two types of links in Linux: hard links and symbolic links. What is the difference?

Answer 32

Hard links These links can only be used to link files, not directories. They will remain usable even if the original file is removed. Hard links refer to the data itself. Symbolic links These links can be used to link to directories, or to reference a file or folder on a different disk or volume. If the original location is deleted, symbolic links will exist as a broken link. Symbolic links are similar to shortcuts and point to the path to the data.

Question 33

How do you prepare the operating system for shutdown before turning off the power to the hardware components of the computer?

Answer 33

issue the shutdown command, which can power off or reboot (restart) your computer after a certain period of time. To power off your system in 15 minutes, for example, you could type: # shutdown –P +15

Question 34

What is a BIOS Boot Partition?

Answer 34

A small partition that is created by the Linux installation program to store information needed to boot the Linux operating system from a GPT hard disk drive on a computer that does not have a UEFI BIOS.

Question 36

What can be used for virtual memory on a linux system?

Answer 36

zswap and swap partition Zswap: A kernel feature that compresses pages that are being swapped out and stores them in a RAM-based memory pool. This can improve performance and reduce the impact of swapping on systems with limited RAM. Swap partition: A dedicated section of a hard drive that provides virtual memory space for the operating system to use when physical memory is full. This can help improve system stability and responsiveness.

Question 37

What is the symbol for the BASH Shell prompt of the root user?

Answer 37

#

Question 38

What does Ctrl+Alt+F# key combination do?

Answer 38

Use Ctrl+Alt+F# to switch to another terminal. ex: Ctrl+Alt+F5 (terminal Number)