LIPID CLASSIFICATION Flashcards
1
Q
applies to a class of compounds that are soluble in organic solvents and nearly insoluble in water
A
LIPIDS
2
Q
non lipid groups
A
sialic, phosphoryl, amino, or sulfate groups
3
Q
2 hormones of lipids
A
oxytocin and insulin
4
Q
esters of fatty acids with various alcohols
A
simple lipids
5
Q
simple lipids that contain fatty acids with various salts
A
neutral fats
6
Q
esters of higher alcohols
A
waxes
7
Q
classes of lipids containing other radicals
A
compund lipids
8
Q
contain H3PO4 and nitrogenous base
A
Phospholipids
9
Q
choline as nitrogenous base
A
lecithin
10
Q
cephalin
A
ethanolamine
11
Q
lipositol
A
inositol
12
Q
phosphatidyl serine
A
serine
13
Q
resemble lecithin and cephalin in structure
A
plasmalogen
14
Q
sphingosine and choline
A
sphingomyelin
15
Q
contains carbohydrates and nitrogenous base
A
glycolipids
16
Q
having amino and sulfate groups respectively
A
III-defined lipids
17
Q
What are the components of III-defined lipids
A
aminolipids and sulfolipids
18
Q
products of hydrolysis of I and II; but still exhibiting the general physical characteristics
of lipids
A
Derived Lipids
19
Q
product of hydrolysis waxes
A
straight chain
20
Q
hydrocarbons in shark liver and human sebum
A
Squalene
21
Q
They are neutral ester of monobasic fatty acids with trihydric alcohol, glycerol.
A
fats
22
Q
R1, R2 and R3
represent different fatty acid chains and the compound
is called
A
mixed glyceride
23
Q
what are the acids in animal fat
A
oleic, palmitic, and stearic acids
24
Q
has more stearic and less oleic than pork
A
mutton fat
25
composed mainly of palmitic and oleic acids with small
amount of butyric acid and caproic acid
butter fat
26
mostly oleic acid; has a yellowish tinge due to carotene and
xanthophylls pigments derived from the ingested food
human fat
27
These are products of fat hydrolysis
fatty acid
28
belong to the acetic series and have the general formula of CnH2nO2
Saturated Fatty Acids
29
occurs in the lipids of human tubercle bacilli
Tuberculo stearic acid
30
degree of unsaturation varies with the number of double bonds present in their structure
unsaturated fatty acids
31
They are unstable and reactive due to the presence of the double bonds in their molecules. The
reactivity increases with the increase of the double bond
unsaturated fatty acids
32
insoluble in ordinary solvents
unsaturated fatty acids
33
most abundant fatty acid found in nature
oleic acid
34
position where the single unsaturated fatty acids of animal lipid
9,10
35
The presence of the double bond gives rise to the possibility of geometric isomerism called
cis-trans
isomerism
36
If the radicals are on the same side of the bond, the compound is called
“cis” form
37
at the
opposite is called
“trans” form
38
Common unsaturated fatty acids (with 2 or more double bonds)
o Linoleic acid
o Linolenic acid
o Arachidic acid
39
Those that cannot be synthesized in the human body and must be supplied by the diet
Essential/indispensable fatty acids
40
most abundant EFA in mammals
linoleic acid
41
what is caused by the deficiency of vitamin A
eczema and dermatitis
42
required amount of EFA in the diet of adults
2% of total chaloric intake
43
required amount of EFA in the diet of infants
3-4%
44
has attracted the attention of medical practitioners because the ethyl esters and
soldium salts of hydnocapric and chaulmoogric acid are used in the treatment of leprosy
Chaulmoogra oil
45
has been shown to produce proliferation of epitheloid and giant cells and is probably the
agent responsible for the manifestation of tuberculosis
Phthioic acid
46
Have a carbon chain in which two or more carbon-carbon double bonds are present
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
47
Fish and fish oil are the most concentrated source but maybe found in some plants
omega fatty acids
48
DPA
docosapentaenoic acid
49
EPA
eicosapentaenoic acid
49
DHA
docosahexaenoic acid
50
they lower plasma triglycerides
omega fatty acids
51
they have beneficial effects on coronary heart disease because of their thrombotic action (they reduce
platelet aggregation and blood clots)
omega fatty acids
52
The biochemical derived from the fatty acid arachidonic acid
eicosanoids
53
best known for the eicosanoid class
prostaglandins
54
what does cell membrane produc to a variety of circumstances, including infection and allergic reaction
arachindonic acid
55
Lipids that contain 20 carbon atoms including a five membered ring structure
prostaglandins
56
a potent fever-inducing agent, via a similar pathway
PG (E1)
57
clinical use of prostaglandin
induce labor
58
inhibit the action of the enzyme prostaglandin synthetase thus
reducing the formation of excess prostaglandins and the pain, fever, and inflammation
non-narcotic analgesics
59
Formed by platelets in the blood stream, which act as vasoconstrictors and stimulate platelet
aggregation as an initial step in blood clotting
Thromboxane
60
Formed by a variety of white blood cells as well as other tissues and cause many symptoms
associated with an allergy attack
leukotrienes
61
transcribe NSAID
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
62
Simplest trihydric alcohol commonly known as glycerine
glycerol
63
- Oily, colorless, heavy liquid with sweet taste
- By-product in the manufacture of soap
- Component of fat responsible for the (+) acrolein test (easily detected by its characteristic acrid odor)
glycerol
64
what can glycerol reduce
Cu++, Cu+
65
positive for benedict an dfehlings test
glycerol
66
what is formed when glycerol is treated with HNO3, which is used in making dynamites and smokeless poweders
nitroglycerine
67
used in medicine as vasodilation drug in the treatment of hypertension
nitroglycerine
68
characteristic greasy feel and penetrates through paper producing a translucent spot
neutral fats
69
- odorless, tasteless and colorless (when pure)
- color due to pigments present
- insoluble in ordinary solvents
- soluble in organic solvents (chloroform, benzene, ether, hot alcohol)
- non-volatile, produce characteristic crystals with definite melting point
neutral fats
70
neutral fats containing large amounts of unsaturated fatty acids are liquid at room temperature, hence
they are called
oils
71
manufacture of artificial butter
oleomargarine
72
how many carbons does most fatty acids in these esters have
14-18 carbons
73
Base-catalyzed hydrolysis of a fat, when the base is NaOH, the sodium salts of the fatty acids are
produced
saponification
74
insoluble soap
Ca and Mg
75
property of the soap of causing and maintaining the emulsification of the greasy
substances
detergency
76
The cleansing property of soap is attributed to its
emulsifying property
77
Fats are neutral in reaction, but when exposed to air for some time, they become acidic due probably to
hydrolysis which results in the liberation of volatile fatty acids. The subsequent oxidation of the fatty
acid chains with the formation of odoriferous volatile aldehydes and ketones
rancidification
78
Rancidity results in the destruction of the accessory food factors like
carotene, Vit. A and vit. E
79
used to estimate its degree of unsaturation
Halogenation
80
make up about 15 to 50% of the total fatty acids in fats.
Pamlmitic acid
81
soluble in organic solvents (4)
chloroform, benzene, ether, hot alcohol
82
_____expressed in terms of the number of grams of iodine that would be absorbed by_____
1. iodine number
2. 100g of fat
83
Esters formed from long-chain fatty
acids and high molecular weight
alcohols
lipid waxes
84
Found in the head of
sperm whale, soft wax used in ointments
spermacetic wax
85
Found on Brazilian palm leaves, used in polishes and mimeograph stencils
carnauba wax
86
In nature, waxes serves as protective coatings on leaves, skin, feathers, fur and the outer skeletons of
some insects
lipid waxes
87
A mixture of waxes derived from wool; used as a base for ointments, salves and creams
lanolin
88
terpenes are compounds containing what fragments
oprene
89
Classified as lipids because they are biological molecules that dissolve in non-polar solvents
terpenes
90
Derivatives of the hydrocarbon ring system
steroids
91
a compound in which a hydroxyl (OH) group is attached to
the steroid ring system
Sterol
92
Most abundant sterol in animal tissues
Cholesterol
93
Cholesterol derivative which is converted to an active
form of vitamin D (Vitamin D3 or cholecalciferol) when
skin is exposed to sunlight
7-dehydrocholesterol
94
active form of vitamin D
cholecalciferol
95
Organic compounds needed for normal growth and maintenance
vitamins
96
o Not stored in the body inappreciable amounts and must be constantly applied in the diet
o Vitamin C and the B complexes
water soluble vitamins
97
Absorbed along with dietary fats and are not excreted in the urine
fat soluble vitamins
97
a class of vitamins where it can be excreted in the urine
water soluble vitamins
97
Vitamin A, D, E, K
fat soluble vitamins
98
Type of lipid found in all biological
membranes
phospholipids
99
phospholipds are composed of
*2 fatty acids
*1 glycerol
*1 phosphoric acid
* 1 alcohol
100
Found in brain tissue
cephalin
101
the thromboplastic substance which initiates the process of blood coagulation
cephalin
102
a structure in which the A residue is derived from
the cation choline
lecithin
103
When only the unsaturated acid chain (R’) is removed by
hydrolysis from lecithin, a lecithin derivative known as ________ forms
lysolecithin
104
is a toxic substance that causes destruction of RBC
(hemolysis).
lysolecithin
105
Also found in all membranes are particularly abundant in brain and nerve tissue
sphingolipids
106
both classified as sphingolipids because they include a backbone of
sphingosine, an amino alcohol
sphingomyelin and glycolipids
107
Replacing one of the amino H with a fatty acid acyl group RCO produces an amine of sphingosine known as ________
(basic structural units for all sphingolipids)
ceramide
108
- The most abundant sphingolipid found in the tissue of higher animals
- Contain PO4 groups
thus they have polar as
well as nonpolar
segments and
properties that are
similar to
phosphoglycerides
sphingomyelin
109
composition of ceramide
sphingosine + fatty acids
110
A glycolipid found in the membranes of brain tissue
cerebroside
111
- Found on the outer surface of nerve cells
- Glycolipids in which the CHO that is attached to ceramide
is musch more complex than a monosaccharide
ganglioside
112
the enzyme (hexosaminidase A) needed to break down a ganglioside is deficient leading to the accumulation of the latter in the brain and spleen.
Tay-Sach's disease
113
- This accumulation leads to neurological deterioration, which occurs after the first month of life
and leads to death within 5 years.
- a hereditary disorder
Tay-Sach's disease
114
wherein triglycerides are hydrolyzed to glycerol and 3 fatty acids
complete hydrolysis
115
– happens when the fatty acid from the alpha – carbon of the glycerol is
removed resulting to the formation of B-monoglyceride and water.
incomplete hydrolysis
116
how many carbons of lipids to make it miscible in water
4
117
Saturated fatty acids having low MW ______ are liquid at ordinary RT
10 or less C atoms
118
the absence of thsi acid and the rest of the EFA in the product produces symptoms of EFA
deficiency such as sparse hair, scaly skin, and poor healing of wounds
linolenic acid
119
classified as an essential FA although the body can synthesize this substance from linoleic acid
Arachidonic acid
120
