Lipid Soluble Vitamins

Question 1

Symptoms including increased intracranial pressure, headaches, double vision, dizziness, bone and joint pain, hair loss, dermatitis, hepatosplenomegaly, diarrhea and vomiting.
Can cause teratogenicity, and it should be avoided during pregnancy.

Answer 1

Vitamin A Excess

Question 2

Retinal can be converted by the body to:

Answer 2

Retinoic Acid

Question 3

Is synthesized by UV radiation of ergosterol in plants and fungi

Answer 3

Vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol)

Question 4

Disrupts the mineralization of newly formed osteoid as a result of decreased calcium and phosphate availability and reduced osteoblast function

Answer 4

Calcitriol deficiency

Question 5

Is a mixture of several compounds, known as tocopherols.

Answer 5

Vitamin E

Question 6

Its is the most toxic of all vitamins

Answer 6

Vitamin D

Question 7

Vitamin 1􏰎􏰏25-(OH)2D3 diffuse across the plasma membrane, and the fraction bound to DBP is transported actively by:

Answer 7

Megalin or Cubulin

Question 8

Bind the 9- cis isomer only

Answer 8

Rexinoid Receptors (RXR)

Question 9

Is a group of compounds that vary in the number of isoprenoid units in their side chain.

Answer 9

Vitamin K

Question 10

Can be found in fish (D3), whereas that used for fortification is often D2 (ergocalciferol).

Answer 10

Vitamin D

Question 11

Is required for post-translational modification of coagulation factors (factors II, VII, IX, and X).

Answer 11

Vitamin K

Question 12

All dietary forms of vitamin A are converted to ________ wich in turn, can be converted to __________

Answer 12

Retinol > Retinoic Acid

Question 13

Produces the inactive 24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (24,25[OH]2D3).

Answer 13

CYP24A1 found in renal tubules, cartilage, intestine and placenta

Question 14

b-carotene and other carotenoids that can be converted by the body into retinol are referred to as ________________

Answer 14

Provitamin A Carotenoids

Question 15

Is secreted from the liver bound to serum retinol-binding protein (RBP) and is taken up by cells via a membrane receptor.

Answer 15

Retinol

Question 16

Who is the key 1-hydroxylase?

Answer 16

CYP27B1

Question 17

Is synthesized in the skin by UV irradiation of 7-dehydrocholesterol.

Answer 17

Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol)

Question 18

Bind both all- trans-and 9- cis-retinoic acid

Answer 18

Retinoid Acid Receptors (RAR)

Question 19

Vitamin D ingestion recommendation are:

Answer 19

600 IU/day for adults < 70 years, and 800 IU > 70 years.

Intake > 4,000 IU/day, could be a risk for heath

Question 20

Its dietary sources are green leafy vegetables, fruits, dairy products, vegetable oils, and cereals.

Answer 20

Vitamin K

Question 21

Is absorbed from the diet in the small intestine with lipids

Answer 21

Vitamin E

Question 22

_____________ contains 10 of carboxylated residues, and all are required for this protein’s specific chelation of Ca2+ ions during its function in the coagulation process.

Answer 22

Prothrombin (factor II)

Question 23

Is trasnported to the liver, where it is hydroxylated at the 25-position forming calcidiol

Answer 23

Vitamin D3

Question 24

Type I results from abnormalities in the gene coding for 25(OH)D3-1-α- hydroxylase, and type II results from defective vitamin D receptors.

Answer 24

Vitamin D-Dependent Rickets

Question 25

Antithrombotic drugs are:

Answer 25

Inhibitors of vitamin K action

Question 26

The 1α-hydroxylase is stimulated by:

Answer 26

PTH, by low plasma concentrations of calcium or phosphate, and by calcitonin as well as by estrogens and by vitamin D deficiency.

Question 27

Is also produced by the intestinal microflora.

Answer 27

Vitamin K

Question 28

In premature infants, the deficiency of Vitamin E causes

Answer 28

Hemolytic anemia, thrombocytosis, and edema, as well as peripheral neuropathy, myopathy, and ataxia.

Question 29

Hemorrhagic disease of the newborn

Answer 29

Premature infants disease because of Vitamin K deficiency

Question 30

If a person takes in too much of a lipid soluble vitamin, over time they can have too much of that vitamin present in their body, a potentially dangerous condition called:

Answer 30

Hypervitaminosis

Question 31

Transported to cells bound to either albumin or a specific retinoic acid􏰋binding protein (RABP).

Answer 31

Retinoic Acid

Question 32

What can cause high doses of Vitamin D?

Answer 32

High doses result in hypervitaminosis D, deposition of Ca2+ in soft tissue (kidney, heart, lungs and vasculature), hypercalcinuria, and possible kidney stones.

Question 33

Warfarin

Answer 33

Inhibitor of vitamin K action

Question 34

The richest sources of naturally occurring vitamin E are:

Answer 34

Vegetable oils, nuts, and green leafy vegetables.

Question 35

Develops when growing bones fail to mineralize or can be cause nutritionally by inadequate intake of nutrients (vitamin D in particular)

Answer 35

Rickets

Question 36

Name the symptoms of Vitamin K deficiency

Answer 36

``` Easy or excessive bleeding Easy or excessive bruising Nosebleeds Bleeding gums Blood in urine and stools Extremely heavy menstrual bleeding Liver damage or disease Low Bone Density Arterial Calcification ```

Question 37

Lipid soluble vitamins are considered to be hormones rather than vitamins since they do not play coenzymatic functions, with the exception of: ________________

Answer 37

Vitamine K

Question 38

Is involved in immune function, cellular signaling, and gene expression.

Answer 38

Vitamin E

Question 39

Esterified in the liver by lecithin:retinol acyltransferase and stored in the form of retinyl esters (retinol palmitate), bound to the cytosolic retinol-binding proteins (CRBP).

Answer 39

Vitamin A

Question 40

The synthesis of 1,25(OH)2D3 from 25(OH)D3 is stimulated by__________ and suppressed by_____________.

Answer 40

Parathyroid | hormone (PTH), Ca2+, Pi and 1,25(OH)2D3 itself.

Question 41

Is important in role in growth, differentiation, and proliferation of cells; in embryonic development and organogenesis; and also in the maintenance of epithelia.

Answer 41

Retinoic Acid

Question 42

Rarely, deficiency may develop in those with liver disease or fat malabsorption.

Answer 42

Vitamin K Deficiency

Question 43

Its deficiency produces defective epithelialization and corneal softening and opacity (keratomalacia).

Answer 43

Vitamin A Deficiency

Question 44

Is a signaling molecule. It interacts with ligand-activated transcription factors, known as the nuclear retinoid receptors.

Answer 44

Retinoic Acid

Question 45

Deficiency causes bleeding disorders

Answer 45

Vitamin K Deficiency

Question 46

How are transported and absorbed the lipid soluble vitamins vitamins?

Answer 46

Absorbed as mixed micelles and transported as chylomicrons that travel through the lymphatic system of the small intestines and into the general blood circulation within the body.

Question 47

It protects lipids from oxidation by the reactive oxygen species (ROS).

Answer 47

Vitamin E

Question 48

Maintain normocalcemia through optimizing intestinal calcium absorption, even at the expense of skeletal mineralization.

Answer 48

Vitamin D Central Role

Question 49

Vitamin D3 binds to ________ so he can be transported to liver.

Answer 49

Vitamin D-binding protein

Question 50

Ninety percent of vitamin E present in human tissues is in the form of: _____________

Answer 50

α-tocopherol

Question 51

Which health outcomes has been linked to low vitamin D levels during pregnancy and infancy?

Answer 51

Preeclampsia, low birth weight, neonatal hypocalcemia, poor postnatal growth, bone fragility, and increased incidence of autoimmune diseases

Question 52

Deficiency presents as night blindness

Answer 52

Vitamin A Deficiency

Question 53

Is the most potent of the vitamin D metabolites because is the ligand for the vitamin D receptor (VDR)

Answer 53

Calcitriol

Question 54

Vitamin D is stored in the body as:

Answer 54

25-OHD3 (half life about 20-29 days)

Question 55

Deficit in the lipid soluble vitamins can be caused by:

Answer 55

Low fat intake, compromised fat absorption or cystic fibrosis

Question 56

Over consumption of Vitamin D, because calcium deposits, can cause damage to elastic fibers and smooth muscle leading the patient to:

Answer 56

Atherosclerosis

Question 57

_______ is a generic term | for retinol, retinal, and retinoic acid. Retinal and retinoic acid are their active forms

Answer 57

Vitamin A

Question 58

Vitamin K circulates as _______, and its hepatic stores are in the form of __________.

Answer 58

Phylloquinone (vitamin K1), menaquinones (vitamin K2)

Question 59

Is synthesized in the skin by ultraviolet (UV) radiation

Answer 59

Vitamin D

Question 60

Its deficiency produces rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults.

Answer 60

Vitamin D

Question 61

VDR regulates genes for the regulation of:

Answer 61

Cellular proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and angiogenesis.

Question 62

Rate limiting step in catabolism of vitamin D3 is mediated by :

Answer 62

24-hydroxylase (24-OHase)

Question 63

The gut of the newborn is sterile; therefore for several days after birth, there is no source of: ___________

Answer 63

Vitamin K

Question 64

Is stored in the liver and needs to be transported to its sites of action, can provide 1 year's supply

Answer 64

Vitamin A

Question 65

Modulates growth, participates in immune function, and is antiinflammatory.

Answer 65

Vitamin D

Question 66

In the renal tubules, calcidiol is further hydroxylated at the 1-position to form: _______________

Answer 66

Calcitriol

Question 67

Is a hormone, and in addition to its role in calcium homeostasis, it influences genes involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis.

Answer 67

Vitamin D

Question 68

Is the most important 25- hydroxylase

Answer 68

CYP2R1

Question 69

Virtually ensures that dietary deficiency does not occur in humans, except for newborn infants.

Answer 69

Vitamin K supply by the intestinal microflora

Question 70

Stimulates bone resorption by osteoclasts

Answer 70

Calcitriol & PTH

Question 71

Upregulates gut Ca2+ channel TRPV6, the intracellular transporter calbindin D, and the calcium pump PMCA1b, increasing the transport of Ca 2+ from enterocytes to plasma.

Answer 71

Vitamin D3

Question 72

The most abundant natural antioxidant, and because of its lipid solubility, it is associated with all lipid-containing structures: membranes, lipoproteins, and fat deposits.

Answer 72

Vitamin E