Lipids Flashcards by Rae Anne Montealegre

A compound that can be dissolved in organic solvents but not with water

Lipids

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Can lipids travel in the body on its own?

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What is lipids composed mostly of?

Carbon-hydrogen bonds

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Functions of lipids

Structural components of membranes
Storage and transport
Protective coating
Cell surface components

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Metabolic fuel, building blocks of other lipids

Fatty acids

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Fatty acid storage and transport of metabolic intermediates

Triglycerides

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Membrane structure
Membrane signal transduction
Storage of arachidonic acid
Component of pulmonary surfactant

Phospholipids

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For membrane structure

Sphingolipids

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Metabolic fuel

Ketone bodies

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Membrane component
Precursor for bile acids and steroid hormones

Cholesterol

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Simplest lipid class in terms of structure

Fatty acids

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2 major functions of fatty acids

Building blocks for triglycerides and phospholipids
Sources of metabolic energy

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Fatty acid containing 4-6 carbons

Short chain

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Fatty acid containing 8-12 carbons

Medium chain

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Fatty acid containing >12 carbons

Long chain

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Fatty acids that are straight chain compounds with even number of carbons

Dietary fatty acids

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Fatty acid without double bonds
Medium to long chain carboxylic acids

Saturated FA

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Fatty acid with double bonds (dehydrogenated)

Unsaturated FA

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What makes the unsaturated FA more liquid at room temp?

Double bonds

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It plays a role in decreasing lipid storage and lowering the tendency to block the blood flow in arteries

Double bonds

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Two forms of FA

free fatty acid
Esterified fatty acid

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Most metabolically active plasma lipid
Binds to albumin

Free fatty acid

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Covalently linked with other molecules such as triglycerides, phospholipids, and cholesterol

Esterified fatty acid

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Where is trans-fatty acid found?

Fried food
Commercially bakes goods
Processed food
Margarine

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Has both hydrogen atoms located on the same side

Cis unsaturated FA

Has two hydrogen atoms on opposite sides

Trans unsaturated FA

Triple esters formed between glycerol and fatty acids

Triglycerides/triacylglycerols

Composition of triglycerides

1 glycerol 3 fatty acids

Functions of triglycerides

Part of the cell membrane Storage form of lipids

Structurally similar to triglycerides Derived from phosphatidic acid

Phospholipids/phospholycerides

Composition of phospholipids

1 glycerol 2 fatty acids 1 charged group (contain phosphate)

What is the nature of phospholipids

Amphipathic

This part of the phospholipid interacts with water

Polar head

This part of the phospholipid interacts with organic compounds

Non-polar tail

Phosphatidyl cholin

Lecithin

Phosphatidyl ethanolamine

Cephalin

Diphosphatidyl glycerol

Cardiolipin

Lung surfactant composition

Lecithin and sphingmyelin

What is the purpose of lecithin and sphingomyelin in the lungs?

It voids the collapse of pneumocytes

one of the methods used to assess fetal lung maturation

Lecithin-sphingomyelin ratio

If the LS is low, what will happen to the newborn?

Die

Unsaturated steroid alcohol of high molecular weight

Cholesterol

This form of the cholesterol contains one FA molecule

Esterified cholesterol

Functions of cholesterol

Manufacture and repair cell membranes Synthesis of bile acids and vitamin D Precursor of 5 major classes of steroid hormones

What are the 5 major classes of steroid hormones?

Progestin Androgens Glucocorticoid Estrogen Mineralocorticoids

Waxy material which form a plate-like crystals Plays an important role in plaque formation in the blood vessels

Cholesterol

Recommended cholesterol intake of adults per day

<300 mg/day

Normal range for cholesterol intake for adults

100-700 mg/day

How much cholesterol is being produced in the liver and other tissues?

500-1000 mg

How much biliary cholesterol is secreted into the intestine daily?

600-1000 mg

Types of cholesterol

Free cholesterol Esterified cholesterol

Sugar containing lipid that consists of a sphingosine (backbone) molecule that has a fatty acid attached to its amino group and a sugar linked to the primary alcohol group (ceramide)

Glycolipids/sphingolipids

Sugar component of lipids

Sphingolipids

Simplest glycolipids

Cerebrosides/galactosylceramide

What will the galactosylceramide produce?

Glucosylceramide

Major lipids of cell membranes of the brain and CNS

Gangliosides

Plays an important role in cell recognition and blood typing

Glycosphingolipids

Where is glycosphingolipids stored?

On the RBC membrane

Protein associated with plasma lipoproteins

Apolipoproteins

Structural elements in the amphipathic shell of lipoprotein particles and help to keep lipids in solution during circulation through the blood stream

Apolipoproteins

Regulate plasma lipid metabolism by activating and inhibiting enzymes that are involved in the process

Apolipoproteins

Interact with specific cell-surface receptors and direct the lipids to the correct target organs and tissues in the body

Apolipoproteins

Who discovered the apolipoprotein?

Peter alaupovic

Apolipoprotein that is a major component of HDL

Apo A

Major activator of LCAT

Apo A-I

Activates hepatic lipase

Apo A-II

Cofactor of LCAT

Apo A-IV

Major protein component of LDL

Apo B

Binds to LDL cell receptor

Apo B100

Structural role in chylomicrons

Apo B-48

Major protein component of VLDL

Apo C

Also activates LCAT

Apo C-I

Potent activator of LPL

Apo C-II

Regulates rate of clearance of TAG-rich lipoprotein (inhibit LPL)

Apo C-III

Apo A-III; serves as lysolecithin carrier

Apo D

Recognizes cell receptors to target chylomicrons and VLDL remnants to the hepatic receptors

Apo E

Carrier proteins; carries triglycerides and cholesterol to the different parts of the body

Lipoproteins

Body’s petroleum industry

Lipoproteins

Component of the outside of lipids

Cholesterol and triglycerides

Components of the core of lipoproteins

Apolipoproteins, phospholipids, free cholesterol

Largest of the lipoproteins particles Major carrier of exogenous triglycerides

Chylomicrons

End stage of chylomicrons

Liver

Clearance time from the formation of CM after a meal and the removal of the remnants

6 hours

Indicative of presence of CM and signals a defect in their clearance

Creamy layer rising to the top of a fasting serum that has been cooled overnight

Carry triglycerides assembled in the liver out to the cells (endogenous)

VLDL

Synthesized in the liver and are responsible for transporting cholesterol from the liver to the peripheral tissues

LDL

Bad cholesterol

LDL

Smaller denser ldl IS ASSOCIATED WITH WHAT?

Higher risk of chd

Very small ldl is associated with what?

Triglyceride and pancreatitis

Gather up extra cholesterol from the tissues for transport back to the liver

HDL

Good cholesterol

HDL

indicates obstructive biliary disease

elevated LPX

floating beta lipoprotein richer in cholesterol than vldl serious risk for atherosclerosis

beta vldl

large hdl rich in cholesterol contains apo e seen when diet is very high in cholesterol

HDLc

patient should have a regular diet for how long prior to the blood collection

3 weeks

there should be no alcohol consumption for how many days prior

2 days

sample should be collected after a fasting of how many years

12 hours

triglyceride determination methods

zilversmith and van handel enzymatic method

end product of zilversmith and van handel

formaldehyde (pink color)

bloor’s reagent components

alcohol and ether

steps in zilversmith and van handel

1. extract using organic solvents (bloor’s reagent) 2. add KOH for the hydrolysis of triglyceride into fatty acid 3. (measurement of glycerol) oxidize glycerol by periodate solution to formaldehyde 4. color reaction of formaldehyde (formaldehyde + chromotrophic acid)

easy to use, more rapid, low-cost, and efficient uses lipase- no extraction needed

enzymatic method

colored product of enzymatic method for triglyceride determination

pyruvate kinase

fluorometry of plasma triglyceride determination

hantzsch method

colored product of plasma triglyceride determination

yellow (400-485nm)

where do adults belong in the classification of TAG values

ATPIII

triglyceride- <150 mg/dL

normal

triglyceride- 150-199 mg/dl

borderline high

triglyceride 200-499 mg/dl

high

triglyceride => 500 mg/dl

very high

Lipids Flashcards

(110 cards)