Lipids

Question 1

are distinguished by their high solubility in non polar solvents and low solubility in H,O

Answer 1

Lipids

Question 2

Lipids exist as ——- in nature - meaning it can be both hydrophilic and hydrophobic in nature

Answer 2

amphipathic

Question 3

Lipids are (another) amphipathic molecules that can be:

Answer 3

Major components of biological membranes

Major form of stored energy in biological systems

Hormones

Question 4

It define the basic unit of life (cell)

Answer 4

Membranes

Question 5

lipids are largely reduced compounds; complete oxidation of lipids
generates —- – —– (ie. more than from sugars)

Answer 5

lots of energy

Question 6

Lipids have 4 primary functions in living cells:

Answer 6

Fuel molecules
Signal molecules
Highly concentrated energy stores
Components of membranes
• Phospholipids
• Sphingholipids
• Cholesterol

Question 7

Adipocytes

Answer 7

Fat storage cells

Question 8

principal building blocks of complex lipids

Answer 8

Fatty acids

Question 9

esters of fatty acids (heat sensitive)

Answer 9

Waxes

Question 10

membrane precursors, energy storage

Answer 10

Triacylglycerols

Question 11

membrane components

Answer 11

Glycerophospholipids

Question 12

brain lipids, membrane components

Answer 12

Sphingolipids

Question 13

cholesterol, bile salts, steroid hormones

Answer 13

Steroids

Question 14

Building block of lipids

Answer 14

Fatty acid

Question 15

Fatty acids are Composed of a ———– “head group” and ——— “tail”

Answer 15

carboxylic acid

a long hydrocarbon

Question 16

tail generally contains an —- number of carbon atoms

Answer 16

Even

Question 17

Hydrocarbon tail can be ——— or ———-

Answer 17

saturated or unsaturated

Question 18

unsaturated hydrocarbon tails contain how many double bonds?

Answer 18

one or more double bonds

Question 19

General Formula for Fatty Acids

Answer 19

COOH(CH2)nCH3 / CH3(CH2)nCOOH

Question 20

CH3(CH2)10CO2H

Answer 20

Lauric Acid

Question 21

CH3(CH2)12CO2H

Answer 21

Myristic Acid

Question 22

CH3(CH2)14CO2H

Answer 22

Palmitic Acid

Question 23

CH3(CH2)16CO2H

Answer 23

Stearic Acid

Question 24

CH3(CH2)18CO2H

Answer 24

Arachidic Acid

Question 25

16:0

Answer 25

Palmitic Acid

Question 26

18:0

Answer 26

Stearic Acid

Question 27

18:1 (∆⁹)

Answer 27

Oleic Acid

Question 28

18:2 (∆⁹,¹²)

Answer 28

Linoleic acid

Question 29

18:3 (∆⁹,¹²,¹5)

Answer 29

a-Linolenic Acid

Question 30

20:4 (∆5,8,11,14)

Answer 30

Arachidonic Acid

Question 31

2 Example of Essential Fatty Acids;must get these from plants

Answer 31

linoleic and a-linolenic fatty acids

Question 32

high in polyunsaturated fats.

Answer 32

Good Fats

Question 33

high in saturated fats.

Answer 33

Bad Fats

Question 34

trans fatty acids; result from partial hydrogenation of ------ -----

Answer 34

Really Bad Fats vegetable oils.

Question 35

It has trans fatty acids.

Answer 35

Margarine

Question 35

It has trans fatty acids.

Answer 35

Margarine

Question 36

Transfatty acids are difficult to --------; lead to increased --------- levels in the blood

Answer 36

Metabolized Cholesterol

Question 37

Energy storage in Lipids

Answer 37

Triacylglycerols (triglycerides)

Question 38

1 Fatty Acid + Glycerol = 2 Fatty Acids + Glycerol = 3 Fatty Acids + Glycerol =

Answer 38

monoacylglycerol diacylglycerol triacylglycerol

Question 39

a simple triacylglycerol)

Answer 39

Tristearin

Question 40

A mixed triacylglycerol

Answer 40

Myristic Palmitic Stearic

Question 41

A mixed triacylglycerol

Answer 41

Myristic Palmitic Stearic

Question 42

Energy yield from burning: ~ ?? kj/gram as compared to ?? kJ/gram for carbohydrates (eg. sugars)

Answer 42

~ 37 kJ/gram, ~ 16 kJ/gram

Question 43

are typically found in brain tissues (eg. brain lipids) Based upon --------, an amino alcohol

Answer 43

Sphingolipids Sphingosine

Question 44

Sphingosine is rare in ------ and ---_-- while sphingolipids are common

Answer 44

plants and animals while In plant and animals

Question 45

Simplest sphingolipids are

Answer 45

ceramides

Question 46

Sphingosine + N-linked fatty acid =

Answer 46

Ceramide

Question 47

are complex sphingolipids

Answer 47

Ganglioslides

Question 48

Ceramide + 3 (or more) sugars including one sialic acid

Answer 48

Gangioslides

Question 49

Membrane lipids(signalling)

Answer 49

Gangliosides

Question 50

Built from same 5-carbon precursor as cholesterol

Answer 50

Terpenes and their derivatives

Question 51

Terpenes are also called as

Answer 51

Isoprenoid

Question 52

Steroids are basic skeleton consisting of four interconnected--------- ; different structure than long chain FAs These molecules bind to specific protein receptors, precipitating a -------- -------- --------

Answer 52

carbon rings signal transduction chain

Question 53

Built from 5 carbon isoprene units and do not contain fatty acids

Answer 53

Terpenes

Question 54

Terpenes are abundant in

Answer 54

Plants

Question 55

Terpenes are Generally assembled by a ------------- linkage of isoprene units

Answer 55

'head to tail'

Question 56

Diterpenes and larger terpenes arise from

Answer 56

Cyclization reactions

Question 57

certain aromatic compounds with a wide range of functions also made of

Answer 57

Isprenyl C5 subunits

Question 58

Many lipid classes, many lipid functions Functions are obviously very diverse, fitting for such a large family of molecules structural signaling enzyme cofactors

Answer 58

(in membranes) (steroids) (vitamins)

Question 59

all lipids have in common a -------- fatty acid chain,

Answer 59

hydrophobic

Question 60

a glycerol backbone is linked to two FA molecules and one phosphate

Answer 60

Phospholipids

Question 61

FA chain composed of an number of C atoms

Answer 61

even

Question 62

Hydrophobic nature arises from ------ ---- by C-H and C-C bonds present in chains

Answer 62

lack of dipoles formed

Question 63

Numbering of C in FAs starts with C2 and C3 often called Methyl C at distal end of chain called Position of double bond(s) also indicated by

Answer 63

carboxyl C a and B w-carbon atom A

Question 64

Many FAs in animal tissues are

Answer 64

Saturated

Question 65

Most common FAs in animals and plants are

Answer 65

C16 and C18

Question 66

most plant fats have at least

Answer 66

one C=C bond

Question 67

Short chain length and unsaturation lower FA

Answer 67

Melting point

Question 68

2 major places where FAs play a role in metabolism is when they are incorporated into either ------------------ for energy storage, or ------------------ for incorporation into membranes

Answer 68

triacylglycerols (triglycerides) Phospholipids

Question 69

Degradation converts storage fat (triacylglycerol) into small 2-carbon, activated acetyl units that can be processed by the TCA cycle in a process called o. P

Answer 69

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Question 70

To degrade FAs, the body must first get them out of "--------" Lipids are stored as triacylglycerols in Mammals are capable of storing large amount of lipids in specialized cells called

Answer 70

storage adipose tissue adipocytes

Question 71

lipids can store in a smaller volume

Answer 71

more energy

Question 72

Complete oxidation of a lipid into acetyl-CoA 2-carbon units yields - kcal/g, versus - kcal/g for carbohydrates

Answer 72

9 kcal/g 4 kcal/g

Question 73

How many times does lipids as much energy as 1 g carbohydrate

Answer 73

6 g

Question 74

Typical 70-kg man has energy stored as • kcal in triacylglycerols kcal in protein (muscle) Kcal in glycogen kcal in glucose

Answer 74

1 x 10^5 2.5 x 10⁴ 600 kcal 40

Question 74

Typical 70-kg man has energy stored as • kcal in triacylglycerols kcal in protein (muscle) Kcal in glycogen kcal in glucose

Answer 74

1 x 10^5 2.5 x 10⁴ 600 kcal

Question 75

Triacylglycerols are "--- kg of body mass (~16% body fat)

Answer 75

11 kg

Question 76

Carbohydrate stores alone allow maintenance of metabolism for ~ --; stored lipids allow survival for

Answer 76

~24 h weeks

Question 77

found in thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts

Answer 77

Galactolipids

Question 78

(e.g. platelet activating factor, an important lipid signaling molecule

Answer 78

Ether glycerophospholipids

Question 79

Animal sphingosine lipids can also contain sugars =

Answer 79

glycolipids

Question 80

diphosphatidylglycerol (note two phosphatidyl and extra glycerol)

Answer 80

Cardiolipan